Background: Previous studies have predominately examined associations of respiratory allergy and skin allergy with ADHD, but little is known about the association between food allergy and ADHD. Methods: We included 192,573 children aged 4–17 years from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a leading health survey in a nationally representative sample of the US population. Allergy conditions and ADHD were defined based on an affirmative response in the NHIS questionnaire. We used weighted logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of ADHD. Results: Among the 192,573 children, 15,376 reported ADHD diagnosis. The prevalence of ADHD was higher among children with allergic conditions: 12.66% vs. 7.99% among children with and without food allergy; 12.16% vs. 7.63% among children with and without respiratory allergy; and 11.46% vs. 7.83% among children with and without skin allergy. After adjusting for covariates, the OR of ADHD was 1.72 (95% CI, 1.55–1.91) comparing children with and without food allergy, 1.50 (95% CI, 1.41–1.59) comparing children with and without respiratory allergy, and 1.65 (95% CI, 1.55–1.75) comparing children with and without skin allergy. The observed associations remained significant after mutual adjustment for other allergic conditions. Conclusions: In a nationally representative sample of US children, we found a significant association of common allergic conditions (food allergy, respiratory allergy, and skin allergy) with ADHD.

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. The prevalence of TS in 2016–2017 has been reported; however, little is known about the current prevalence and trend in children and adolescents with TS. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and trend of Tourette syndrome (TS) among US children and adolescents aged 0–17 years from 2016 to 2022. We analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of 278,472 children and adolescents aged 0–17 years who participated in the 2016–2022 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH), a nationwide, population-based, cross-sectional survey of US children and adolescents. TS was defined as the affirmative response in the questionnaire completed by a parent or guardian. Among the 278,472 children and adolescents enrolled, 754 had been diagnosed with TS, with an overall prevalence of 0.23% in all children and adolescents aged 0-17 years. The weighted prevalence by age group was lower than 0.01% in children aged 0–2 years, 0.05% in children aged 3–5 years, 0.28% in children aged 6–11 years, and 0.38% in adolescents aged 12–17 years. There were significant sex and racial/ethnic differences in the overall prevalence of diagnosed TS (i.e., 0.35% in boys and 0.11% in girls, 0.22% in Hispanics, 0.28% in non-Hispanic whites and 0.16% in non-Hispanic blacks). There was no significant change in the estimated prevalence of TS from 2016 to 2022. Based on nationally representative data, this study found that the national prevalence of TS among the US children and adolescents differed by sex and race/ethnicity but remained stable from 2016 to 2022.

To examine the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a nationally representative population sample of adults in the United States. We included adults aged 18 years or older who participated in the National Health Interview Survey 2007 and 2012, because information about ADHD diagnosis among adults was only available in these two cycles. Physician-diagnosed ADHD and CVD were defined based on an affirmative response in the questionnaire during a household interview. Logistic regression with survey sampling weights was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of CVD. This analysis included 57,728 adults (weighted mean age 46.20 years; 47.66% males). Among them, 1,790 reported physician-diagnosed ADHD, 7,906 had CVD, 4,061 had coronary heart disease (CHD), and 1,749 had stroke. The age-adjusted prevalence of CVD was 19.72% (95% CI [16.56%, 22.88%]) among individuals with ADHD, and 12.09% (95% CI [11.75%, 12.43%]) among those without ADHD. After adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education level, family income level, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, and body mass index, the OR of CVD, CHD and stroke in association with ADHD was 2.06 (95% CI [1.58, 2.68]), 1.88 (95% CI [1.31, 2.69]), and 1.75 (95% CI [1.07, 2.86]), respectively. In a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults, we found a significant, positive association between a history of ADHD diagnosis and CVD. Further investigation is needed to replicate our findings and determine the underlying mechanisms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective To examine the association of cerebral palsy with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), providing evidence for interdisciplinary medical service for children with cerebral palsy. Design A large-scale nationwide population-based study. Setting The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Patients 177 899 children aged 3–17 years among NHIS participants from 1997 to 2003 and 2008 to 2018. Results Among the 177 899 children included in this analysis, 602 (0.33%) had cerebral palsy, 1997 (1.16%) had ASD, and 13 697 (7.91%) had ADHD. Compared with children without cerebral palsy, children with cerebral palsy had a higher prevalence of ASD (6.09% vs 1.15%; p<0.001) and ADHD (15.91% vs 7.89%; p<0.001). After adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, family highest education level, family income level and geographical region, the OR among children with cerebral palsy, compared with children without cerebral palsy, was 5.07 (95% CI 3.25 to 7.91) for ASD (p<0.001) and 1.95 (95% CI 1.43 to 2.66) for ADHD (p<0.001). Furthermore, the association of cerebral palsy with ASD and ADHD remained significant in all subgroups stratified by age, sex and race. Conclusion In a large, nationally representative sample of US children, this study shows that children with cerebral palsy are at an increased risk of ASD and ADHD.

Children with Down syndrome (DS) are more likely to be diagnosed with co-existing conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the correlation has not been fully delineated to date. Our study aimed to examine the associations of DS with ASD and ADHD in children and adolescents using a national population-based database. In this cross-sectional study, we included a total of 214,300 children aged 3–17 years from the National Health Interview Survey. Physician-diagnosed DS, ASD and ADHD were reported during an in-person household interview. Logistic regression with survey sampling weights was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) of ASD and ADHD, along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Among the 214,300 children, 329 were identified as having DS. Among those, 21 children were diagnosed with ASD, 48 with ADHD, and 6 exhibited co-existing ASD and ADHD. After adjusting for demographic factors, compared to those without DS, the ORs of ASD, ADHD and the co-occurrence of ASD and ADHD in children with DS were 5.40 (95% CI: 3.04–9.59), 1.72 (95% CI: 1.17–2.53), and 3.45(95% CI:1.29–9.20), respectively. Stratified analysis revealed that significant associations of DS with ASD and ADHD were detected for both male and female, but an interaction effect was only observed between sex and ASD (P < 0.001). Our study confirmed that children with DS are more likely to have comorbidities of ASD and ADHD than the general population, and these comorbidities may vary by sex.