Background: Mortality rates between minor (e.g., removal of toes or part of the foot) and major (e.g., below- or above-the-knee) lower extremity amputations (LEA) vary significantly in diabetic patients. Other factors, including survival rates, rehabilitation outcomes, and healthcare burden, are also notably impacted by the type of amputation performed.Objective: This narrative review aims to analyze and compare mortality rates following minor and major LEA in diabetic patients, by highlighting key risk factors and their impact on patient outcomes.Methods: A narrative review of existing literature was conducted by using searches of PubMed and Google Scholar. Studies reporting mortality rates, risk factors, comorbidities, functional outcomes, and management strategies among diabetic patients undergoing minor and major LEA were included.Results: Major LEA is associated with significantly higher short- and long-term mortality rates, with five-year survival ranging from 10% to 48%, compared to 29% to 69% for minor LEA. The key risk factors for mortality include chronic renal disease, peripheral arterial disease, sepsis, and poor glycemic control. While minor LEA offers better survival rates, it carries a higher risk of progression to major amputation if diabetes-related complications persist.Conclusion: The findings highlight the critical importance of early intervention, strict glycemic control, and multidisciplinary care to improve the survival and quality of life in diabetic patients undergoing LEA. Limb preservation strategies should be prioritised whenever possible, as minor amputations lead to better long-term outcomes. Future research should focus on refining risk stratification and optimizing rehabilitation programs to enhance patient prognosis post-amputation.

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are among the most common and impactful musculoskeletal injuries, particularly in athletic populations. A variety of biological and synthetic grafts are used in surgical reconstruction, each offering different biomechanical properties and long-term outcomes.Materials and Methods: This narrative review analyzed 42 original clinical studies published between 1989 and 2024. Articles were retrieved from PubMed and Google Scholar by using terms such as ‘ACL reconstruction’, ‘BPTB’, ‘hamstring tendon’, ‘quadriceps tendon’, ‘LARS’, ‘Leeds-Keio’, and ‘GORE-TEX’. Key outcomes included graft failure rates, postoperative knee stability (e.g., KT-1000, Lachman test), and functional outcomes (Lysholm, Tegner, IKDC). Numerical data were pooled descriptively; no formal meta-analysis was performed.Results: Biological grafts, particularly BPTB and quadriceps tendon autografts, demonstrated the lowest failure rates (as low as 1.2%) and superior mechanical stability (>95% achieving Grade 0–1 laxity) compared to synthetic options. Hamstring tendon autografts were slightly less durable but still reliable. Synthetic grafts, and especially GORE-TEX and Leeds-Keio, were associated with higher failure rates (up to 33%) and complications related to poor biological integration.Conclusions: BPTB and QT autografts remain the most reliable options for ACL reconstruction, offering excellent long-term outcomes. While synthetic grafts may be appropriate in select patients, they carry a higher risk of failure and complications. Graft selection should be individualized based on the patient activity level, anatomical considerations, and tolerance for donor-site morbidity.