Orbitides are plant-derived small cyclic peptides with a wide range of biological activities. Phytochemical investigation of the whole plants of Dianthus chinensis was performed with the aim to discover new bioactive orbitides. Five undescribed proline-containing orbitides, dianthiamides A–E (1–5), were isolated from a methanolic extract of Dianthus chinensis. Their structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of 1D and 2D NMR and HRESI–TOF–MS as well as ESI–MS/MS fragmentation data. The absolute configuration of the amino acid residues of compounds 1–5 was determined by Marfey’s method. All compounds were tested for their cytotoxic activity, and dianthiamide A (1) exhibited weak activity against A549 cell line with IC₅₀ value of 47.9 μM.

Twelve undescribed peptidic compounds, bukhansantaibols A–K (1–10) and bukhansantaibals A–B (11–12), were isolated from the soil fungus Trichoderma atroviride through LC-MS and bioactivity-guided purification. Their structures were elucidated by the analysis of 1D and 2D NMR spectra, HRESIMS, and acid hydrolysis using modified Marfey’s method. All compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against HCT-8 (colon cancer) and SK-OV-3 (ovarian cancer) cells. Among them, compounds 1–5 exhibited significant inhibitory effects, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 2.1 to 19.6 μM.

Neoshirakia japonica, a small deciduous tree belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae, has traditionally been used to relieve pain and fatigue in ancient Asia. To date, there have been no attempts to investigate the overall metabolite profiles of N. japonica. To obtain the phytochemical profiles of its aerial part and root, the extracts were analyzed by UHPLC Orbitrap mass spectrometry, and the metabolites were clustered using feature-based molecular networking (FBMN). The common major constituents of the two different parts were annotated as ellagitannins and ellagic acid derivatives using the GNPS database and SIRIUS software, and a total of 20 compounds were isolated. With FBMN guidance, five minor ginsenosides (10–14) were isolated from the BuOH fraction of the aerial part and first identified in this plant. Also, one new xanthoxylin derivative (16) was discovered from the root, and its antioxidant activity and binding potential to NOX family proteins were evaluated by in silico studies. Consequently, this research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the major and minor components of N. japonica by part and suggests its potential as a drug candidate for antioxidant-related diseases.