Agricultural image processing technology plays a critical role in enabling precise disease detection, accurate yield prediction, and various smart agriculture applications. However, its practical implementation faces key challenges, including environmental interference, data scarcity and imbalance datasets, and the difficulty of deploying models on resource-constrained edge devices. This paper presents a systematic review of recent advances in addressing these challenges, with a focus on three core aspects: environmental robustness, data efficiency, and model deployment. The study identifies that attention mechanisms, Transformers, multi-scale feature fusion, and domain adaptation can enhance model robustness under complex conditions. Self-supervised learning, transfer learning, GAN-based data augmentation, SMOTE improvements, and Focal loss optimization effectively alleviate data limitations. Furthermore, model compression techniques such as pruning, quantization, and knowledge distillation facilitate efficient deployment. Future research should emphasize multi-modal fusion, causal reasoning, edge–cloud collaboration, and dedicated hardware acceleration. Integrating agricultural expertise with AI is essential for promoting large-scale adoption, as well as achieving intelligent, sustainable agricultural systems.

To comprehensively capture conversational emotion information within and between modalities, address the challenge of global and local feature modelling in conversation, and enhance the accuracy of multimodal conversation emotion recognition, we present a model called Multimodal Transformer and GNN for Emotion Recognition in Conversations (MTG-ERC). The model incorporates a multi-level Transformer fusion module that employs multi-head self-attention and cross-modal attention mechanisms to effectively capture interaction patterns within and between modalities. To address the shortcomings of attention-mechanism-based models in capturing short-term dependencies, we introduce a directed multi-relational graph fusion module, which employs directed graphs and multiple relation types to achieve efficient multimodal information fusion and to model short-term, speaker-dependent emotional shifts. By integrating the outputs of these two modules, the MTG-ERC model effectively combines global and local conversational emotion features and enhances intra-modal and inter-modal emotional interactions. The proposed model shows consistent improvements (around 1% absolute) in both accuracy and weighted F1 on the IEMOCAP and MELD datasets when compared with other baseline models. This highlights the model’s strong performance indicators and validates its effectiveness in comparison to existing models.

Traffic Matrix (TM) represents traffic between all Origin-Destination (OD) node pairs in a network, playing a crucial role in network management. While the methods for TM acquisition typically require scaling each link load in a network, measurement costs arise drastically as the number of links grows exponentially with the number of nodes. To address this issue while achieving TM with acceptable accuracy aligned with various network management requirements, the paper proposes two novel methods. The first is the ME-TMEIM (TM Estimation with Incomplete Measurement Based on Maximum Entropy) method, an efficient approach with yet acceptable accuracy. The second is the D-TMEIM (Dynamic TMEIM) method. Compared to the ME-TMEIM method, the D-TMEIM method trades the TM's acquisition accuracy for efficiency. It adds temporal constraints on network traffic to improve the precision of the obtained missing link loads, based on which the TM is generated using the CS-OMP (Compressed Sensing-Orthogonal Matching Pursuit) algorithm. Experimental results using publicly available Abilene and GÉANT networks demonstrate that the proposed methods not only enhance TM acquisition efficiency but also maintain nearly the same accuracy as the known methods that acquire TM through exhaustive links measurement.

Driven by artificial intelligence, multi-source sensing, agricultural robots and big data technologies, global agriculture is rapidly upgrading from precision agriculture and agriculture 4.0 to agriculture 5.0. Artificial intelligence has evolved from a single diagnostic tool to an intelligent system that integrates the “perception-decision-execution” process throughout. It is widely applied in crop phenotype analysis, remote sensing monitoring, yield prediction, and autonomous operation of intelligent equipment, etc. This article takes the framework of “intelligent perception-cognitive decision-autonomous execution” to systematically review the core technologies, typical applications, and frontier directions of agricultural artificial intelligence. It focuses on introducing the progress of key technologies such as three-dimensional phenotype, hyperspectral remote sensing, multimodal fusion, and causal machine learning, as well as their value in improving resource utilization efficiency, enhancing climate resilience, and supporting field precision management. At the same time, it points out that current agricultural AI still faces practical bottlenecks such as insufficient generalization ability of models, scarce data and high annotation costs, difficulties in edge deployment, barriers in multi-source data integration, and weak interpretability and engineering reliability. Future research will focus on the construction of closed-loop autonomous farms, the collaboration of agricultural large models and intelligent agents, the construction of data centers and AI and data infrastructure, and the development of green and low-cost AI research. This will provide support for the technological innovation and industrialization implementation of agricultural artificial intelligence.

To address label scarcity and anisotropic structural distortion from unidirectional modeling in semi-supervised cardiac MRI segmentation, we propose DTCL-Swin-UMamba. It features a novel Swin-UMamba backbone and a Multi-directional Vision-based Spatial Synthesis Module (M-VSS). To mitigate the noise sensitivity of traditional Mamba, the weight-shared M-VSS executes eight-directional parallel spatial scanning to build isotropic feature representations, enhancing thin-wall and direction-dependent structure segmentation. The Swin-UMamba backbone fuses global context from Swin Transformer with linear-complexity long-range dependency learning from Mamba. Furthermore, a heterogeneous dual-teacher training strategy—comprising an EMA-updated Swin Transformer teacher and a frozen MS-UNet teacher—provides complementary global and local structural supervision for the student network. Evaluated on the public ACDC and LA datasets, our framework achieves state-of-the-art performance. On ACDC with only 10% labeled images, it achieves Dice scores of 92.15%, 89.57%, and 87.25% for the left ventricle, right ventricle, and myocardium, respectively, with consistent gains demonstrated on the LA dataset.