A metasurface capable of flexibly manipulating electromagnetic waves to realize holograms presents significant potential in millimeter-wave imaging systems and data storage domains. In this study, full-space three-dimensional holograms are realized from a reflection–transmission integrated reconfigurable metasurface, which can achieve nearly 360° phase coverage in reflection space and 180° phase coverage in transmission space. By adjusting the voltage applied to the constituting electronically tunable meta-atoms of the metasurface, an octahedron hologram constituted by three hologram images in different focal planes is generated in the reflection space at 6.25 GHz. Moreover, a diamond hologram, also composed of three hologram images in different focal planes, is achieved in the transmission space at 6.75 GHz. Both the numerical simulation and experimental measurement are performed to validate the full-space holograms implemented by the modified weighted Gerchberg–Saxton (WGS) algorithm with specific phase distribution in different imaging planes. The obtained results pave the way for a wide range of new applications, such as next-generation three-dimensional displays for immersive viewing experiences, high-capacity optical communication systems with enhanced data encoding capabilities, and ultra-secure anti-counterfeiting solutions that are extremely difficult to replicate.

Airy beams exhibit enormous application potential in the field of optics and microwave owing to their unique self-bending, self-accelerating, and non-diffracting characteristics. In this paper, the Airy beams are dynamically generated and manipulated in both reflection and transmission spaces utilizing a full space programmable metasurface, which can achieve an approximately 360° phase coverage in the reflection space and a nearly 180° phase coverage in the transmission space in the operating frequency band from 6 GHz to 7 GHz. The direct current (DC) bias voltage is applied to the varactor diodes integrated on the metasurface by precise control of the external feeding system, allowing dynamic generation and regulation of Airy beams. Numerical simulations and experimental measurements are performed at 6.5 GHz. The Airy beams with parameters a = 56 and 61 are generated in the transmission space, while the Airy beams with parameters a = 71 and 81 are achieved in the reflection space. The parabolic propagation trajectory of the main beams and acceleration in the transverse planes can be observed. The good agreement between the simulated and measured results demonstrates that the metasurface can dynamically generate and manipulate the Airy beams in full space. The suggested Airy beam manipulation system has a wide range of applications, including optical particle manipulation, imaging, and difficult terrain exploration.

Conventional metasurfaces are frequently constrained by single-functionality and limited integration capabilities, hindering their application in emerging 5G/6G communications and intelligent sensing scenarios that demand multifunctionality, lightweight design, and high compatibility. To address these challenges, we propose a transmissive-reflective dual-functional metasurface based on a hexagonal unit cell architecture. Within the operating frequency band, this metasurface achieves full phase coverage in the reflection domain for x-polarized waves and in the transmission domain for y-polarized waves, respectively. The dual-functional capability is further verified by generating mode l = 1 vortex beams in the reflection space and mode l = 2 vortex beams in the transmission space. Furthermore, we introduce a feedforward neural network (FNN) framework for the inverse design of the metasurface, enabling the direct mapping of target electromagnetic responses to matched structural parameters. The deep neural network is trained and validated using full-wave simulation datasets. Validation results demonstrate excellent agreement between the network-predicted electromagnetic responses and the target responses, with the average phase error maintained within 5°.