Net primary productivity (NPP) is a key metric for assessing ecosystem functionality and sustainability. This study utilized MOD17A3 NPP data in conjunction with trend analysis, a gravity center model, and the Geodetector method to examine the spatiotemporal evolution and driving mechanisms of NPP across the Yellow River Basin (Shaanxi section) from 2000 to 2022. Results revealed: (1) The average NPP over the study period was 353.01g C m⁻² with an upward trend of 9.7 g C m⁻²yr⁻¹; spatially, NPP increased from north to south, with significant variability in northern Shaanxi and a 17.89 km northeastward shift in NPP’s gravity center. (2) Areas exhibiting significant NPP increases (slope > 0, p < 0.01) comprised 97.83% of the region, while declines were mainly observed in Guanzhong. (3) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was the dominant factor, with the strongest synergistic, nonlinear interaction with land use type reflecting human activities (q = 0.831), indicating that the combined influence of climate factors, land surface factors, and human activities amplifies the explanatory effect on NPP variability. The study demonstrates an overall improvement in NPP, although local declines occurred, and its spatial distribution was influenced by a combination of natural and human factors. These findings will provide data support for the high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin.