Аппроксимация рядов сезонного хода индексов вегетации является основой для эффективного мониторинга сельскохозяйственных культур, их идентификации и автоматизированной классификации пахотных земель. Для пахотных земель Хабаровского края в период с мая по октябрь 2021 года по мультиспектральным снимкам Sentinel-2A (20 м) с использованием маски облачности были построены временные ряды NDVI и EVI. Для приближения временных рядов были использованы пять видов аппроксимирующих функций: функция Гаусса; двойная гауссиана; двойная синусоида; ряд Фурье; двойная логистическая. Были построены и рассчитаны характеристики экстремумов аппроксимированных временных рядов для разных типов пахотных земель: гречихи, многолетних трав, сои, залежи и пара. Было показано, что для каждой сельхозкультуры аппроксимированные кривые сезонного хода имели характерный вид. Как было достоверно установлено (p<0,05), наиболее высокую точность аппроксимации рядов NDVI и EVI показал ряд Фурье (средняя ошибка составила, соответственно, 8,5% и 16,0%). Аппроксимация рядов NDVI с использованием двойной синусоиды, двойной гауссианы и двойной логистической функции приводила к увеличению ошибки до 8,9-10,6%. Аппроксимация рядов EVI на основе двойной гауссианы и двойной синусоиды способствовала росту средней ошибки до 18,3-18,5%. Проведенный апостериорный анализ с использованием критерия Тьюки показал, что для полей с соей, парующих и залежных земель для приближения индексов вегетации достоверно лучше использовать ряд Фурье, двойную гауссиану или двойную синусоиду, для полей с гречихой целесообразно применять ряд Фурье или двойную гауссиану. В целом, средняя ошибка аппроксимации сезонных временных рядов NDVI в 1,5-4 раза меньше, чем ошибка аппроксимации рядов EVI.

The use of SAR data to monitoring agricultural crops is a promising area of research designed to complement existing methods and technologies based on the analysis of multispectral images. The main advantages of vegetation indices calculated from SAR data include their sensitivity to the polarimetric properties of the backscatter intensity, its scattering characteristics, and independence from cloud cover. This is especially important for the territory of the south of the Russian Far East, whose monsoon climate provides humid and cloudy weather during the period when crops gain maximum biomass. For arable lands in the Khabarovsk Territory and the Amur Region, a total of 64 Sentinel-1 SAR images were obtained from May to October 2021. For each date, the values of the DpRVI, RVI, VH/VV indices were calculated and time series were constructed for the entire observation period for individual fields (342 fields in total). NDVI time series were constructed from Sentinel-2 multispectral images using a cloud mask. The characteristics of time series extremes were calculated for different types of arable land: soybeans, oats, and fallows. It was shown that for each crop the seasonal curves DpRVI, RVI, VH/VV had a characteristic appearance. It was found that the DpRVI demonstrated the highest stability – the coefficients of variation of the seasonal variation of DpRVI were significantly lower than those for RVI and VH/VV. It was also revealed that the similarity between the curves of these indices remained for regions quite distant from each other - the Khabarovsk Territory and the Amur Region. The main characteristics of the seasonal variation of time series of radar indices were calculated in comparison with NDVI - the magnitude of the maximum, the date of the maximum and the values of the coefficient of variation for these indicators. It was found, firstly, that the values of these indicators in different regions are similar to each other; secondly, the variability of the maximum and the day of the maximum for DpRVI is lower than for RVI and VH/VV; thirdly, the variability of the maximum and the day of the maximum for DpRVI is comparable to NDVI. Thus, time series of radar indices DpRVI, RVI, VH/VV for the main types of agricultural lands in the south of the Far East have distinctive features and can be used in classification problems, yield modeling and crop rotation control.

Automatic cropland monitoring is becoming increasingly important in the advancement of sustainable agriculture. However, multiannual satellite-based crop mapping across different regions remains challenging due to variations in crop phenology and meteorological conditions. The use of multispectral data from a single satellite can also present difficulties in constructing vegetation index time series, particularly in regions affected by persistent cloud cover. In this study, NDVI time series obtained from Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8/9 imagery were fitted using a Fourier series, and daily NDVI composites from the Meteor-M satellite were obtained for Khabarovsk Krai in the Russian Far East from 2022 to 2024. These data were used to perform random forest (RF) classification for each year for five land cover classes: soybean, grain crops, perennial grasses, buckwheat, and fallow land. The average annual classification accuracies were 87% for Landsat 8/9, 89% for Meteor-M, and 93% for Sentinel-2. Combining data from all three satellites improved classification performance, increasing cross-validation overall accuracy from 92% to 96% in 2022, from 96% to 97% in 2023. These results demonstrate the potential of using both individual satellite data for sufficiently accurate mapping and combined datasets, which provide consistently high accuracy and are a reliable alternative when Sentinel data are limited due to cloud cover.