Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important crops produced worldwide. Peanut is the dominant crop in the typical upland red soil areas of China; however, phosphorus bioavailability in red soil is very low, which severely affects peanut production. To improve the phosphorus bioavailability, which substantially promotes the green development of peanut production, a peanut–green manure rotation field experiment was conducted with six treatments (milkvetch; radish; brassica rape; mustard rape; winter fallow and no-tillage), commencing in September 2017 in the red soil area of Jiangxi province, China. The results show that compared with no-tillage (NT) treatments, different green manure returning treatments had significant effects on soil pH, soil phosphorus components and available potassium content. The particulate phosphorus and soil available phosphorus contents in the green manure treatments were significantly higher than those in the winter fallow (WF) treatment. Compared with the WF treatment, the content of particulate phosphorous in brassica rape (BR), radish (R) and milkvetch (MV) treatments was significantly increased by 6.55%, 3.66% and 2.50%, respectively; the available phosphorus content in mustard rape (MR), BR, R and MV was significantly increased by 20.93%, 25.60%, 23.76% and 18.10%, respectively. In addition, the total phosphorus content of peanut shell in the MV and R treatment was significantly higher than that in the WF treatment, increasing by 33.47% and 60.66%, respectively. Compared with the WF treatment, the peanut biomass of MR, BR and R treatments increased significantly by 19.51%, 29.83% and 19.77%, respectively. The total phosphorus accumulation in all green manure treatments was higher than that in the WF treatment, and the MV treatment reached a significant level at 18.83%. Based on these results, the particulate phosphorus (PP) and available phosphorus were significantly affected by different green manure treatments; green manure amendment improves peanut phosphorus uptake. The use of green manure (especially milkvetch and brassica rape) can be recommended to improve phosphorus bioavailability and yield of peanut in red soil areas.

Under global warming, the differences in yield, soil nutrients, and economic benefits between various planting patterns in double-cropping rice areas were compared, and the high-yield and high-efficiency planting patterns that can adapt to climate change were selected. Four planting patterns, namely rape–rice (RaR), fallow–rice (FR), Chinese milk vetch–early rice–late rice (CRR), and fallow–early rice–late rice (FRR), were investigated. Compared with FRR, the yield of early rice increased by 13.6% using the CRR rotation. CRR could increase the spikelet per panicle of early rice, thereby enhancing rice yield. The soil’s available nitrogen content demonstrated an increase under the CRR rotation when compared with FRR. The yield under RaR increased by 11.9% on average compared with FR. The RaR rotation enhanced panicles per ha, thereby increasing rice yield. RaR could increase the soil’s available nutrient content compared with FR. Compared with CRR, FRR, and FR, the net income of RaR was higher by 1031 CNY/ha, 2046 CNY/ha and 5762 CNY/ha, respectively. Comprehensively compared with the other three planting patterns, RaR could effectively improve the soil fertility of paddy fields, grain yield, and net income. RaR is a sustainable planting pattern with a high yield and high efficiency worth popularizing. In addition, under the warming climate, the growth period and sowing date of rice of RaR and FR should be appropriately extended and postponed to avoid encountering more frequent high-temperature weather.