Hypertension affects over 1.39 billion people globally, causing 9.4 million deaths annually. This paper examines the intricate relationship between the immune system and hypertension, highlighting the contributions of both innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate response, involving natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, toll-like receptors (TLRs), and dendritic cells, contributes to organ damage and inflammatory responses, exacerbating hypertension. Adaptive immunity, particularly T cells, further exacerbates vascular and renal dysfunction through the release of cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-17A, and TNF-α, ultimately leading to multisystem damage. Therapeutic strategies targeting these immune responses are being explored, including immunosuppressants such as mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and methotrexate (MTX), as well as monoclonal antibodies against IL-1β and TNF-α. While these strategies show promise, further research is needed to evaluate their efficacy and safety. Furthermore, this paper highlights the potential benefits of immunological approaches in managing the root causes of hypertension, offering an alternative to conventional therapies focused on the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. In conclusion, this work highlights the immune mechanisms in the hypertension pathogenesis, identifying them as potential therapeutic targets for enhanced management and improved patient outcomes.

Electronic cigarettes are devices that heat liquid into aerosols for inhalation. According to the CDC and FDA, a 2022 survey found that 14.1% of high school students and 3.3% of college students in the U.S. used these devices, totaling 2.55 million young users. This growing trend gained serious attention in 2019 with the emergence of EVALI (E-cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury), predominantly affecting teenagers and young adults. EVALI presents with acute respiratory symptoms, often requiring hospitalization, and by February 2020, it had caused approximately 2800 hospitalizations and 68 deaths. Although vitamin E acetate (VEA) was strongly implicated, other factors (including solvents, psychoactive substances, heavy metals, and flavorings) are under investigation. Compounding the issue, the COVID-19 pandemic has posed diagnostic challenges due to symptom overlap. The long-term health effects of electronic cigarette use remain uncertain, but research has linked it to chronic respiratory diseases like COPD, cancer, and systemic and cardiovascular diseases.