Background/Objectives: The Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) is one of the most widespread species of the genus Solidago from the Asteraceae family. It has a rich composition of biologically active compounds and is traditionally used to address kidney, urinary tract, and liver diseases. Previously, it was proven that the S. canadensis extract obtained with a 40% ethanol solution had the most promising anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activity. Therefore, this extract was selected for the further formulation of amino acid preparations and 3D-printed dosage forms. The aims of the present study were to investigate the chemical composition, toxicity, and antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activity of S. canadensis dry extract, its amino acid preparations, and 3D-printed dosage forms. Results: A total of 18 phenolic compounds and 14 amino acids were determined in the extracts. The S. canadensis herb extracts were verified to be practically non-toxic preparations (toxicity class V, LD₅₀ > 5000 mg/kg). They also showed moderate antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and β-hemolytic Streptococcus pyogenes. The most pronounced hepatoprotective activity was observed with S. canadensis herb extract and its amino acid preparations with phenylalanine, alanine, and lysine at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight. The most pronounced anti-inflammatory activity was found with S. canadensis herb extract and its preparation with arginine. According to the calculated docking score array and the analysis of binding modes in the active sites of COX-1 and COX-2, the flavonoid fraction and caffeic acid in the S. canadensis extracts presented moderate inhibitory activity. Conclusions: The development of innovative 3D-printed oral dosage forms represents a promising strategy to formulate dietary supplements or pharmaceutical preparations for these herbal extracts.

S. canadensis L. and S. virgaurea L. are the most common species of Solidago L. in Europe and with a long tradition of use in medicine for various therapeutic purposes: diseases of the urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, diabetes, allergies and antiseptic purposes. Therefore, the research of species of the Solidago genus, which have a rich content of natural BACs, and the development of new effective medicinal products of plant origin are relevant. The aim. The method of work is the phytochemical and pharmacological study of extracts of the Canadian goldenrod herb, obtained by ethanol solutions of various concentrations, for the innovative perspective of creating new medicines based on them with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activity. Materials and methods. The objects of the study were extracts of herb from Canadian goldenrod, obtained using purified water, 40 %, 70 % and 90 % ethanol. Phytochemical study of the extracts was performed by TLC and spectrophotometry. Study of acute toxicity, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activity of extracts was carried out according to standard methods. Research results. A study of the phytochemical composition and pharmacological activity of extracts of herb from Canadian goldenrod obtained with different solvents. It was established that extracts of herb from Canadian goldenrod show anti-inflammatory activity. The most pronounced antiexudative activity is shown by the extract of the Canadian goldenrod herb (extractant - 40 % ethanol), reducing the degree of swelling by 24.77 %. Herb extracts from from Canadian goldenrod in acute toxic liver damage show moderate hepatoprotective activity, which is somewhat inferior to the comparative drug "Silibor". A more intense and effective effect on the hepatobiliary system was shown by the extract of the Canadian goldenrod herb (extractant - 40 % ethanol). Conclusions. The perspective of creation based on herb of Canadian goldenrod new drugs with hepatoprotective activity. The most promising substance turned out to be an extract of herb from Canadian goldenrod obtained with a 40 % ethanol solution.

Background/Objectives: Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) is one of the most widespread species of genus Solidago from Asteraceae family. It has a rich composition of biologically active compounds and traditionally is used to address kidney, urinary tract, and liver diseases. Previously, it was proven that the S. canadensis extract obtained with 40% ethanol solution had the most promising anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activity. Therefore, this extract was selected for the further formulation of amino acids preparations and 3D-printed dosage forms. The aims of the present study were to investigate the chemical composition, toxicity, and the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activity of S. canadensis dry extract, its amino acids preparations and 3D-printed dosage forms. Results: A total of 18 phenolic compounds and 14 amino acids were determined in the extracts. The S. canadensis herb extracts were verified to be practically non-toxic preparations (toxicity class V, LD₅₀ > 5000 mg/kg). They showed also a moderate antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and β-hemolytic Streptococcus pyogenes. The most pronounced hepatoprotective activity was observed with S. canadensis herb extract and its amino acids preparations with phenylalanine, alanine and lysine at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight. The most pronounced anti-inflammatory activity was found with S. canadensis herb extract and its preparation with arginine. According to the calculated docking score array and the analysis of binding modes in the active sites of COX-1 and COX-2, the flavonoid fraction and caffeic acid in the S. canadensis extracts presented a moderate inhibitory activity. Conclusions: The development of innovative 3D-printed oral dosage forms represents a promising strategy to formulate the dietary supplements or pharmaceutical preparations for these herbal extracts.

Vervain (Verbena officinalis L., Verbenaceae family) is a perennial plant which grows widely in Europe. It is rich in iridoids, phenolic acids, phenylpropanoid glycosides, flavonoids and terpenoids. Verbena has traditionally been used in folk medicine to calm the nervous system, but there is a lack of scientific data about it. The aim of this study was to explore and characterise the chemical profile and neurotropic effects of V. officinalis dry extracts and their amino acid-based preparations. We determined a total of eight main phenolic compounds and 17 amino acids in the V. officinalis dry extracts. To evaluate the neurotropic effects of the verbena extracts, the following behavioural pharmacology tests were used: Open Field Test, Elevated Plus Maze, Black-and-White Box Test and Tail Suspension Test. The dry aqueous–ethanolic extract (extractant 70% ethanol) demonstrated strong anxiolytic and antidepressant effects, while its dry modified extracts with valine and arginine consistently exhibited pronounced sedative activity across all studies. For example, the Tail Suspension Test demonstrated that the total immobility time in animals receiving the dry aqueous–ethanolic extract was the lowest, being 1.22-fold (p < 0.05) lower than in control animals and 2.25-fold (p < 0.05) lower than in the animals treated with the reference drug preparation (“Sedaphyton”). A novel aqueous-based gel formulation feasible for semi-solid extrusion (SSE) 3D printing was designed. This printing gel enables the fabrication of new oral dosage forms for V. officinalis dry extracts. The effects of pharmaceutical preparations on the human central nervous system require clinical studies.

Vervain (Verbena officinalis L., Verbenaceae family) is a perennial plant which grows widely in Europe. Its raw material is rich in iridoids, phenolic acids, phenylpropanoid glycosides, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Verbena has traditionally been used in folk medicine to support nervous system health, but there is a lack of scientific data about it. The aim of this study was to explore and characterise the chemical profile and neurotropic effects of V. officinalis dry extracts and its amino acid-based preparations. We determined a total of eight main phenolic compounds and 17 amino acids in the V. officinalis dry extracts. To evaluate the neurotropic effects of the Verbena extracts, the following behavioural pharmacology tests were used: Open Field Test, Elevated Plus Maze, Black-and-White Box Test and Tail Suspension Test. The dry aqueous-ethanolic extract (extractant 70% ethanol) demonstrated strong anxiolytic and antidepressant effects, while its dry modified extracts with valine and arginine consistently exhibited pronounced sedative activity across all studies. For example, the Tail Suspension Test demonstrated that the total immobility time in animals receiving the dry aqueous-ethanolic extract was the lowest, being 1.22-fold (p < 0.05) lower than in intact animals and 2.25-fold (p < 0.05) lower than in the animals treated with the reference drug preparation (“Sedaphyton”). A novel aqueous-based gel formulation feasible for semi-solid extrusion (SSE) 3D printing was designed. This printing gel enables the fabrication of new oral dosage forms for V. officinalis dry extracts.

Common goldenrod (S. virgaurea L., Asteraceae) is recognised in traditional medicine as a folk remedy for kidney, urinary tract, and liver diseases, among others; however, its pharmaceutical potential remains largely unexplored. The pharmaceutical potential of the invasive species Canadian goldenrod (S. canadensis L.) in Europe is also of practical interest. The aim of the study was to compare the yield and composition of essential oils (EO) of flowering tops (20 cm long) of S. canadensis and S. virgaurea. The yield of EOs, hydrodistilled from S. canadensis (8 samples) and S. virgaurea (5 samples) herbs using the European Pharmacopoeia method, ranged from 2.7 to 14.9 mL/kg. The average EO yield in both goldenrod species was similar, but the composition differed. A total of 81 constituents were identified and semiquantified by GC-MS in the EOs of both Solidago species, eight of which have been found in these species for the first time. α-Pinene, limonene, and (E)-β-ocimene were the principal compounds in S. canadensis herb EO, and α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, and α-humulene were the principal compounds in S. virgaurea EO. It contained, on average, 39 times more benzyl salicylate than the EO from S. canadensis. Also, the amounts of viridiflorol (more in S. virgaurea) or β-bourbonene and (E)-β-ocimene (more in S. canadensis) can be used as a chemical fingerprint of both goldenrod species studied. The EO compositions were largely similar, with species-related differences supported by the presence of α-muurolene in S. virgaurea and its absence in S. canadensis. The pharmaceutical potential of V. canadensis as an invasive species is not yet sufficiently clear and requires further pharmacological studies. The composition of the EO seems to support the traditional use of goldenrod in the urological field.