According to historical records, ethnic Hui in China obtained substantial genetic components from western Eurasian populations during their Islamization. However, some scholars believed that the ancestry of Hui people were native Chinese populations. In this context, the formation of Hui is due to simple cultural diffusion rather than demic diffusion. In this study, we examined the forensic and population genetic application of the 30 InDel loci in Hui population from Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Northwest China. Genotype analysis of 129 unrelated individuals revealed that all loci were in the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in Ningxia Hui. Forensic indices calculated from genotypes demonstrated that this panel, Qiagen DIPplex ^® Investigator kit, was powerful enough to be used in individual identification but not in paternity cases. Through population genetic analysis, we found that Ningxia Hui received much more genetic contributions from East Asian populations than those from western Eurasian populations. Finally, we statistically identified the admixture signal of eastern and western Eurasians, although the latter is weak, in Ningxia Hui via the three-population test. All this evidence suggested that the formation of Ningxia Hui was mainly attributed to the cultural transformation of local Chinese residents with minor gene flow from western Eurasian populations.

Pediatric solid tumors remain among the most treatment-refractory childhood malignancies, defined by biological features that have largely resisted the immunotherapeutic advances transforming adult oncology. Exceptionally low tumor mutational burden, sparse neoantigen landscapes, and profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments collectively undermine the T cell-dependent mechanisms on which most current immunotherapies depend. Yet the field is undergoing a meaningful shift. Anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies have established a survival benchmark in high-risk neuroblastoma, and next-generation antibody-drug conjugates and bispecific T cell engagers targeting GD2, B7-H3, and GPC2 are extending the reach of antibody-based approaches across pediatric histologies. CAR T cell therapies have demonstrated clinical feasibility against multiple targets, with advanced engineering strategies, including cytokine armoring, bispecific constructs, and locoregional delivery, beginning to address fundamental barriers such as poor tumor infiltration, limited persistence, and antigen escape. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, while largely ineffective as monotherapy in unselected populations, induce durable responses in molecularly defined subsets such as mismatch repair-deficient and hypermutated tumors. Emerging platforms, including oncolytic virotherapy, NK cell engagers, and neoantigen vaccines, offer rational strategies to convert immunologically cold tumors into treatment-responsive phenotypes. Together, these advances point toward a future of combination immunotherapy tailored to the distinct immune biology of childhood cancers.