The conservation of cultural heritage has long garnered significant attention within the scientific community, particularly due to the biodeterioration processes driven by microbial colonization. These processes can severely compromise the aesthetic, chemical, and physical integrity of artworks. While traditional chemical biocides are widely used, they present notable drawbacks, including toxicity, chemical instability, and the risk of inducing microbial resistance. Accordingly, efforts to expand the repertoire of molecules with biocidal activity are of utmost significance. In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of selenium-based biocides with biocidal activity. Characterization was performed using NMR spectroscopy and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The biocidal efficacy of these compounds was evaluated via algal growth inhibition tests (OECD 201), employing Raphidocelis subcapitata as a model organism. Our results indicate that certain seleno-sugars exhibit a dose-dependent inhibition of algal growth, suggesting superior biocidal activity compared to conventional agents. Notably, one compound demonstrated an optimal balance of efficacy and chemical stability and was selected for subsequent in vivo testing.

This paper presents a chemical analysis of organic residues preserved in ceramic vessels recovered from a Villanovan funerary context at the site of Granarolo dell’ Emilia (Bologna, Italy), specifically in the La Corte sector. The analysis has provided new insights into the presence of organic materials and supports the identification of a natural matrix indicative of food offerings placed within ceramic grave goods. The nature of these residues evaluate the functional roles of the vessels, and contribute to a broader understanding of ancient dietary and ritual practices. Organic residue extraction was performed on less than 1 mg of ceramic material, sampled from the inner surfaces of selected vessels. Subsequent analysis using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) revealed the presence of diterpenoids—markers of pine resin—as well as saccharides such as glucose and galactose, which suggest the inclusion of milk or dairy products. To the best of the authors knowledge this is the first report focused on molecular characterisation of Villanovan relics found in the Bolognese Plain. The results highlight the value of a multidisciplinary approach in archaeological research by combining scientific techniques with archaeological interpretation. Graphic