Background: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare but serious complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI), yet the implications of this association remain poorly understood. This study explores the demographics, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of patients with both TBI and CVT (CVT-TBI). Methods: The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) was queried from 2016–2020 for adult patients with a primary diagnosis of TBI and concurrent CVT. Chi-squared tests and logistic regression were used to compare demographic, clinical, and outcome variables of CVT-TBI and TBI-only patients. Results: Of the 1,583,915 TBI patients identified between 2016–2020, 640 (0.04%) had concurrent CVT. CVT-TBI patients were younger (47.94 vs 61.81; p < 0.001), more likely to have Medicaid (30.5% vs 14.1%; p < 0.001), less likely to be female (31.3% vs 39.0%; p < 0.001), and less likely to be Caucasian (60.9% vs 68.1%; p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated age (OR = 0.98; p < 0.001), skull fracture (OR = 3.741; p < 0.001), epidural hematoma (OR = 1.407; p = 0.012), subdural hematoma (OR = 2.395; p < 0.001), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (OR = 1.415; p < 0.001) as CVT risk factors. CVT-TBI patients experienced more severe clinical courses involving mechanical ventilation (21.9% vs 10.4%; p < 0.001), cerebral herniation (6.3% vs 3.7%; p = 0.001), and being comatose (45.3% vs 30.7%; p < 0.001) and were more likely to undergo decompressive hemicraniectomy (4.7% vs 1.1%; p < 0.001), tracheostomy or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement (3.9% vs 1.5%; p < 0.001), and develop long-term sequelae, including seizures (10.9% vs 4.2%; p < 0.001) and hydrocephalus (7.0% vs 1.7%; p < 0.001). After matching, there was a significant difference in discharge home (OR = 1.806; p = 0.018), but no significant difference in discharge to a skilled nursing home (OR = 1.068; p = 0.449), short term rehabilitation facility (OR = 0.850; p = 0.500), or inpatient mortality (OR = 1.134; p = 0.500). Conclusions: This population-based retrospective analysis unveils distinctive demographic and clinical features of CVT-TBI patients, emphasizing the need for tailored risk assessment and management strategies to improve outcomes for this subset of TBI patients.

Chordomas are primary tumors of the skull base and vertebral column typically derived from the notochord. Treatment options consist of surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. This study reviews clinical trials focused on radiotherapy techniques, such as photon therapy and carbon ion radiotherapy, as well as the concomitant use of radia-tion sensitizers. We completed a literature review on all published clinical trials on the usage of photon, proton, and carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) for chordoma in adults and all published literature on radiation sensitizers used for treatment in chordoma from 2000 to 2025. We reviewed all nine current clinical trials on radiotherapy for chordoma in adults. All clinical trials were able to achieve an overall survival rate above 50% at 3-year follow-up. Seven publications were found on the use of radiation sensitizers for chordomas, both in vitro and in vivo. The completed clinical trials evaluate the effectiveness of proton, photon, and CIRT for treatment of the skull base, spine, and sacral chordoma. Current trials continue these efforts and compare the different radiotherapies and determine appropriate doses. Research on radiation sensitizers for chordomas shows various therapies, ranging from hyperthermia to pharmaceutical options, that require further study.