Detection of terrain features (ridges, spurs, cliffs, and peaks) is a basic research topic in digital elevation model (DEM) analysis and is essential for learning about factors that influence terrain surfaces, such as geologic structures and geomorphologic processes. Detection of terrain features based on general geomorphometry is challenging and has a high degree of uncertainty, mostly due to a variety of controlling factors on surface evolution in different regions. Currently, there are different computational techniques for obtaining detailed information about terrain features using DEM analysis. One of the most common techniques is numerically identifying or classifying terrain elements where regional topologies of the land surface are constructed by using DEMs or by combining derivatives of DEM. The main drawbacks of these techniques are that they cannot differentiate between ridges, spurs, and cliffs, or result in a high degree of false positives when detecting spur lines. In this paper, we propose a new method for automatically detecting terrain features such as ridges, spurs, cliffs, and peaks, using shaded relief by controlling altitude and azimuth of illumination sources on both smooth and rough surfaces. In our proposed method, we use edge detection filters based on azimuth angle on shaded relief to identify specific terrain features. Results show that the proposed method performs similar to or in some cases better (when detecting spurs than current terrain features detection methods, such as geomorphon, curvature, and probabilistic methods.

The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is a 1200 km long dextral strike-slip fault which is part of an east-west trending dextral shear zone (NAF system) between the Anatolian and Eurasian plates. The North