Understanding molecular epidemiology is essential for the improvement of lumpy skin disease (LSD) eradication and control strategies. The objective of this study was to perform a molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) isolated from dairy cows presenting LSD-like clinical signs in northern Thailand. The skin nodules were collected from 26 LSD-suspected cows involved in six outbreaks during the period from July to September of 2021. LSDVs were confirmed from clinical samples using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR-positive samples were subsequently amplified and sequenced using a G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR) gene for molecular characterization and phylogenetic analyses. All 26 samples were positive for LSDV by PCR. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 24 LSDV isolates obtained from cattle in northern Thailand were closely related to other LSDV sequences acquired from Asia (China, Hong Kong, and Vietnam). On the other hand, two LSDV isolates of the cows presenting LSD-like clinical signs after vaccination were clustered along with LSDV Neethling-derived vaccines. The outcomes of this research will be beneficial in developing effective control strategies for LSDV.

A multidisciplinary journal that focuses on public health and technology, public health informatics, mass media campaigns, surveillance, and innovation in public health practice and research. Also dedicated to rapid open data sharing during epidemics.

Background and Aim: Inappropriate overuse of antimicrobials might be associated with the spreading of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in animal-based food products. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli have been recognized as an emerging global problem in a One Health approach. This study aimed to assess the occurrence and antimicrobial-susceptible profiles of ESBL-producing E. coli among post-weaned calves and lactating cows in a parallel animal husbandry area. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two pool fecal samples were collected from 36 smallholder dairy farms registered in Ban Hong Dairy Cooperatives, Lamphun Province, Thailand. Pre-enriched fecal samples were cultured in MacConkey agar supplemented with cefotaxime. The potential E. coli isolates were identified by not only biochemical tests but also polymerase chain reaction assay of the 16S rRNA gene. ESBL production was confirmed by the combination disk test. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: The occurrence of ESBL-producing E. coli at the farm level was 80.56%. The different phenotypic antibiogram of ESBL-producing E. coli was observed among post-weaned calf and lactating cow specimens. The most frequent resistance patterns of ESBL-producing isolates from both groups were amoxicillin-ceftiofur-cephalexin-cephalothin-cloxacillin-streptomycin-oxytetracycline-sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. For the median zone diameter, enrofloxacin-resistant isolates with narrow zone diameter values from lactating cow specimens were particularly more than post-weaned calf specimens (p<0.05). Conclusion: These findings revealed the dynamic changes in ESBL-producing E. coli from calves and lactating cows in Lamphun Province, posing the inevitability to prevent bacterial transmission and optimize antimicrobial therapy in dairy farming.

Porcine adenoviruses (PAdVs) are promising but still underdeveloped viral-vector platforms for swine vaccine development. Compared with human adenovirus-based vectors, PAdV vectors may offer potential advantages in host association, veterinary relevance, and mucosal delivery while avoiding direct reliance on common human adenovirus backbones. This review summarizes current knowledge on PAdV biology, vector engineering, vaccine applications, immune responses, translational challenges, and future priorities. Early studies showed that recombinant PAdV vectors can express heterologous antigens from important swine pathogens, including classical swine fever virus, pseudorabies virus, and transmissible gastroenteritis virus. The strongest direct proof-of-concept evidence comes from recombinant PAdV expressing classical swine fever virus E2/gp55, which induced neutralizing antibodies and protection in pigs. Comparative adenovirus-vectored swine vaccine studies support the broader feasibility of adenoviral antigen delivery for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, porcine epidemic diarrhea, swine influenza, and African swine fever, but these data should not be interpreted as direct validation of PAdV for these diseases. Major gaps remain in anti-PAdV immunity, genetic stability, biosafety, shedding, target-animal safety, DIVA compatibility, manufacturing, and regulatory readiness. Recent advances in PAdV-5 reverse genetics provide new opportunities for modern vector design.

Bovine adenovirus (BAdV)-based vectors, particularly those derived from bovine adenovirus 3 (BAdV-3), are emerging non-human adenoviral platforms for veterinary vaccine development. Adenoviral vectors are attractive for vaccination because they mediate efficient transgene expression, remain largely episomal, and induce robust innate and adaptive immune responses. However, widely used human adenoviral vectors, especially human adenovirus 5 (HAdV-5), may be compromised by pre-existing anti-vector immunity, supporting the development of rare human serotypes and non-human adenoviral alternatives. BAdV-3 is the best-characterized BAdV for recombinant vector engineering and has been used to express heterologous antigens from bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Available evidence indicates that BAdV-based vectors can induce humoral, cellular, and mucosal immune responses and support intranasal antigen delivery. Protective efficacy has been demonstrated in selected experimental models, including mice and ferrets for influenza and tuberculosis vaccine candidates, whereas cattle challenge evidence remains more limited and is primarily represented by BHV-1 gD-expressing BAdV-3 vectors. These features make BAdV vectors relevant to bovine respiratory disease control, livestock vaccination, and One Health-oriented vaccine preparedness. Nevertheless, the platform remains at an early developmental stage. Key gaps include limited target-species efficacy data, pre-existing BAdV immunity in cattle, vector shedding, recombination risk, genetic stability, producer cell optimization, manufacturing scalability, and regulatory feasibility.