To address challenges in automated charging operations of bulk explosive trucks in open-pit mines—specifically difficulties in borehole identification, positioning inaccuracies, and low operational efficiency—this study proposes an intelligent collaborative charging system integrating three modular components: (1) an explosive transport vehicle (with onboard terminal, explosive compartment, and mobility system enabling optimal routing and quantitative dispensing), (2) a charging robot (equipped with borehole detection, loading mechanisms, and mobility system for optimized search path planning and precision positioning), and (3) interconnection systems (coupling devices and interfaces facilitating auxiliary explosive transfer). This approach resolves three critical limitations of conventional systems: (i) mechanical arm-based borehole detection difficulties, (ii) blast hole positioning inaccuracies, and (iii) complex transport routing. The experimental results demonstrate that the intelligent cooperative charging method for open-pit mines achieves an 18% improvement in operational efficiency through intelligent collaboration among its modular components, while simultaneously realizing automated and intelligent charging operations. This advancement has significant implications for promoting intelligent development in open-pit mining operations.

Under the complex geological structural stress of the Western Himalayan syntaxis, the widespread distribution of hard and brittle rocks (such as sandstone and limestone) makes them prone to the formation of conjugate joints, also known as X-joints. These joints create weak structural planes in the slope rock mass, and when combined with weak interlayers within the slope, they result in a complex dynamic response and hazard situation in this region, which is further exacerbated by frequent seismic activity. This poses a serious threat to the planning, construction, and safe operation of the Belt and Road Initiative. To study the slope vibration response and instability mechanisms under these conditions, we conducted a shaking table test using the Iymek avalanche as a case study and performed Hilbert–Huang Transform (HHT) analysis. We also compared the results of the shaking table test on slope models without X-joints but containing weak interlayers. The findings show that the presence of X-joints leads to an earlier onset of plastic failure in the slope. During the failure development, X-joints cause stress concentration and the diversification of stress redistribution paths, delaying energy release. Ultimately, the avalanche failure mode in the X-joint slopes is more dispersed compared to the landslide failure mode in the model without X-joints. At the toe of the slope beneath the weak interlayer, low-frequency seismic waves can cause a significant amplification of acceleration, and the weak interlayer is often the shear outlets of the slope. These findings provide new insights into the seismic failure evolution of jointed slopes with weak interlayers and offer practical references for seismic hazard mitigation in mountainous infrastructure.