The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) are lymphomagenic viruses with region-specific induced morbidity. The RIAL-CYTED aims to increase the knowledge of lymphoma in Latin America (LA), and, as such, we systematically analyzed the literature to better understand our risk for virus-induced lymphoma. We observed that high endemicity regions for certain lymphomas, e.g., Mexico and Peru, have a high incidence of EBV-positive lymphomas of T/NK cell origin. Peru also carries the highest frequency of EBV-positive classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and EBV-positive diffuse large B cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (NOS), than any other LA country. Adult T cell lymphoma is endemic to the North of Brazil and Chile. While only few cases of KSHV-positive lymphomas were found, in spite of the close correlation of Kaposi sarcoma and the prevalence of pathogenic types of KSHV. Both EBV-associated HL and Burkitt lymphoma mainly affect young children, unlike in developed countries, in which adolescents and young adults are the most affected, correlating with an early EBV seroconversion for LA population despite of lack of infectious mononucleosis symptoms. High endemicity of KSHV and HTLV infection was observed among Amerindian populations, with differences between Amazonian and Andean populations.

Background/Objectives: Frailty syndrome favors the deterioration of health; therefore, identifying associated factors is essential for establishing preventive measures. Oral candidiasis is a factor that may be related to the onset of frailty. Our objective was to evaluate the association between frailty and oral candidiasis in institutionalized participants. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 589 institutionalized individuals aged 65 years or older. A diagnosis of candidiasis was established clinically and with a microbiological study (potassium hydroxide (KOH) test and culture for candidiasis). Assessments of salivary flow and the use of dental prostheses were also performed. Frailty was classified according to Fried’s phenotype criteria. Results: Frailty and prefrailty were found in 28.9% and 66.7% of the participants, respectively. Oral candidiasis was diagnosed in 39.05% of cases and was more frequent among individuals with dental prostheses (49.13%) and hyposalivation (47.54%). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that frailty in institutionalized older adults is associated with the presence of subprosthetic stomatitis associated with candidiasis and hyposalivation, indicating the need for integrated oral health strategies in geriatric care.

Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms are clonal blood disorders characterized by abnormal blood cell production. This study explores the clinical and epidemiological profiles of 111 Ecuadorian patients diagnosed with Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms, including polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis, between 2014 and 2023. Patients were treated in different institutions, with clinical data collected on disease progression, complications, and survival. Polycythemia vera was the most common subtype (45.9%), followed by essential thrombocythemia (42.3%) and primary myelofibrosis (9%). The JAK2 V617F mutation was most prevalent in essential thrombocythemia (53.2%) and polycythemia vera (41.2%). Hydroxyurea, the most widely used treatment, was prescribed to 77% of the patients. Disease progression to myelofibrosis occurred in three polycythemia vera and two essential thrombocythemia cases, meanwhile One case of primary myelofibrosis and one case of myeloproliferative neoplasm, unclassified, progressed to acute myeloid leukemia. Survival rates varied across the cohort; notably, certain patients with polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia achieved survival durations of up to 19 years. These results reveal a relatively homogeneous epidemiological profile across the Latin American region and underscore the need for more multicenter studies to better characterize pH^- MPNs in Ecuador and the region, to optimize diagnostic and treatment strategies.