In this study, the ideal adsorption cycle behavior of eight activated carbon and refrigerant pairs is evaluated. The selected pairs are KOH6-PR/ethanol, WPT-AC/ethanol, Maxsorb-III/methanol, Maxsorb-III/CO₂, Maxsorb-III/n-butane, Maxsorb-III/R-134a, SAC-2/R32 and Maxsorb-III/R507a. The following cooling performance parameters are evaluated for all pairs: specific cooling energy (SCE), concentration difference (ΔW) and coefficient of performance (COP) of ideal adsorption cooling and refrigeration cycles. The evaporator temperatures for the applications of adsorption cooling and refrigeration are selected as 7 and −5 °C, respectively. It is found that the Maxsorb-III/methanol pair has shown the highest specific cooling energy and coefficient of performance in a wide range of desorption temperatures; i.e., for the adsorption cooling cycle it has SCE and COP of 639.83 kJ/kg and 0.803, respectively, with desorption temperatures of 80 °C. The KOH6-PR/ethanol and the WPT-AC/ethanol pairs also give good performances comparable to that of the Maxsorb-III/methanol pair. However, the SAC-2/R32 pair possesses a higher concentration difference than the Maxsorb-III/methanol, KOH6-PR/ethanol and WPT-AC/ethanol pairs but shows a lower performance. This is due to the lower isosteric heat of adsorption of SAC-2/R32 compared to these pairs. It is found that Maxsorb-III/methanol, KOH6-PR/ethanol and WPT-AC/ethanol are the most promising pairs for application in designing adsorption cooling and refrigeration systems.

Own to its negative effect on the global ecosystem, air pollution has been a growing concern. Developed world had taken it on top priority long before, now they breathe the air of much better quality. Contrarily, air pollution was not on the priority list of developing worlds. Consequently, air pollution in regions such as South Asia is 5–9 times higher than in the developed world and the world’s topmost polluted cities lie in South Asian countries including Pakistan. Now, due to the apparent and widespread, effects and pressure from the local and global community, Pakistan has started taking the air pollution problem more seriously. The governments have taken multiple initiatives concerning monitoring and control of air pollution from industries. However, due to several challenges, the implementation is slow. To increase the pace of air pollution management in the country it is imperative to explore the underlying factors. This chapter synthesizes the available knowledge on the status of air pollution from industrial sources, its control, treatment technologies, and factors slowing the air pollution control and then in the light of this knowledge, provides suggestions to improve the pollution management problem in the country.

Effective wastewater management is a critical environmental challenge, particularly in industrial regions like Faisalabad, where untreated textile effluents contribute to severe water pollution. This study evaluates the potential of phytoremediation using floating aquatic plants—Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth), Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce), and Lemna minor (common duckweed)—for the treatment of industrial textile wastewater. A controlled laboratory-scale experiment was conducted to assess pollutant removal efficiency over a 10-day retention period. The initial effluent concentrations of key parameters were measured before treatment to establish baseline conditions. The results demonstrated that Eichhornia crassipes exhibited the highest removal efficiency, achieving reductions of 36.12% (TDS), 36.14% (EC), 36.30% (salinity), 6.12% (pH), 34.30% (total hardness), and 44.52% (chloride). Furthermore, Pistia stratiotes and Lemna minor were particularly effective in removing nitrate (99.76%), ammonium (52.11%), and sodium adsorption ratio (46.29%), indicating species-specific phytoremediation potential. These findings highlight the viability of a low-cost, eco-friendly, and sustainable nature-based solution for wastewater treatment in industrial clusters, offering a practical alternative to conventional treatment technologies.

Textile dyes especially azo dyes are the prime pollutants in wastewater due to the presence of complex azo bond (−N=N−). Many conventional methods such as physicochemical, mechanical and biochemical were employed recently for removal of these organic pollutants. These methods have not been proved to be so efficient. Photocatalysis, a latest physio-chemical methods is employed currently. Present work investigated the synthesis of a Carbon Nano Tubes (CNT’s) doped ZnO/Fe2O3 catalyst by microwave-assisted sol-gel method. Removal efficiency of the synthesized catalyst was observed through removal of two azo dyes direct orange-26 and acid red-151 for different concentrations. The prepared ternary nano-hybrid was characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The average crystalline size of the catalyst was calculated as 8.47nm by using data from XRD analysis. SEM images revealed the formation o f nano-flakes of catalyst. And results of EDS investigation publicized that the distribution of all the atoms of Zn, Fe, O and C is homogeneous throughout the catalyst. Percentage removal by synthesized catalyst for direct orange-26 and acid red-151 was determined as 58.8% and 72.7% respectively without adding oxidant. After adding oxidant the percentage removal increases to 70.6% for direct orange-26 and 85.2% for acid red-151. The effect of pH, time and oxidant dose were optimized by developing relationships between these variables using central composite design (CCD) in response surface methodology (RSM). The results of RSM analysis show prepared catalyst performs best in acidic conditions at pH of 3 and irradiation time of 2.7 hours for acid red-151 and at pH of 5 and irradiation time of 3.8 hours for direct orange-26.

Groundwater pollution is considered a major concern in today’s world. Most industries in Pakistan produce untreated wastewater, extracting from and contaminating a nearby water source and the soil. This study was conducted in the Nithar Ke area of Chiniot District to assess the impact of the flow of wastewater over the area on groundwater quality. It aimed to: (1) investigate the conditions of industrial wastewater; (2) study the spatial variability of different parameters in groundwater using a GIS map; and (3) check the appropriateness of groundwater for drinking purposes using the water quality index (WQI). Physical and chemical characteristics, including pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, TSS, CO₃, HCO₃, chlorides, alkalinity, total hardness, Ca, Mg, arsenic, copper, chromium, nickel, iron, manganese, and sulfate, were tested using groundwater samples, and variance in groundwater was analyzed using a GIS (geographic information system). The water quality index (WQI) was developed for the Nithar Ke area to determine the appropriateness of the groundwater for drinking purposes. WQI values were determined within the range of 41 to 89.5, which showed a poor to good water quality. It was discovered that parameters such as BOD, COD, iron, and TDS had average concentrations of 192 mg/L, 264 mg/L, 2.62 mg/L, and 6039 mg/L, respectively, in the polluted water, which exceeded the permissible limit. Iron and manganese were the most common contaminants found in that area. The biplot and correlation circle showed that iron and turbidity had a positive relationship. Further study on soil stratification and soil characteristics is recommended in this area for a detailed analysis of the causes of metal contamination.