Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive primary tumors of the central nervous system. It is associated with a very poor prognosis, with up to half of patients failing to survive the first year after diagnosis. It develops from glial tissue and belongs to the adult-type diffuse glioma group according to the WHO classification of 2021. Therapy for patients with GBM is currently based on surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, but despite many efforts, there has been minimal progress in tumor management. The most important chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of this tumor is temozolomide (TMZ), a dacarbazine derivative that presents alkylating activity. It is usually administered to patients concurrently with radiation therapy after surgical resection of the tumor, which is defined as the Stupp protocol. Temozolomide demonstrates relatively good efficacy in therapy, but it could also present with several side effects. The resistance of GBM to the drug is currently the subject of work by specialists in the field of oncology, and its use in various regimens and patient groups may bring therapeutic benefits in the future. The aim of this review paper is to summarize the relevance of TMZ in the treatment of GBM based on recent reports.

Malignant neoplasms, like non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), remain a major global health challenge. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with over two million new cases and 1.8 million deaths annually. NSCLC accounts for approximately 85% of cases, underscoring its substantial public health impact. Advances in molecular biology have driven the development of new therapies beyond traditional treatments. Among them, mRNA-based immunoadjuvant therapies, like cancer vaccines, have emerged as promising utilities in NSCLC by triggering targeted immune responses. The aim of this paper is to review ongoing and completed studies on mRNA vaccines in NSCLC. The efficacy of mRNA vaccines in NSCLC relies on the identification of immunogenic tumor-specific antigens, frequently derived from genomic profiling databases. Completed clinical trials have assessed the safety and potential benefit of selected mRNA vaccines—such as CV9202—administered alone or in combination with radiotherapy or tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Ongoing studies are exploring the therapeutic potential of mRNA-based approaches targeting defined molecular alterations in NSCLC, particularly in conjunction with Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint inhibitors to enhance antitumor immune responses. mRNA vaccines have emerged as a promising therapeutic option for NSCLC, with the potential to enhance immune responses and limit tumor progression, as demonstrated in ongoing clinical trials. They offer the possibility of personalized treatment with relatively few side effects. However, larger and long-term studies are required to fully confirm their safety and efficacy. Future research should aim to identify the most effective antigens, enhance stability, and refine delivery strategies to improve efficacy and personalization, while also addressing immune suppression within the tumor microenvironment.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most aggressive malignancies, with 5-year survival rates consistently below 5% despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Worldwide, PDAC remains highly lethal, with 458,918 new cases and 432,242 deaths in 2018—about a 94% mortality-to-incidence ratio. The limited therapeutic efficacy is largely attributed to the pronounced heterogeneity of the disease, late clinical presentation, and the strongly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In recent years, mRNA-based vaccines encoding patient-specific neoantigens have emerged as a promising immunotherapeutic modality. By delivering tailored antigenic sequences, these vaccines are capable of eliciting potent cytotoxic T-cell responses against tumor-restricted epitopes, thereby enhancing tumor immunogenicity while minimizing off-target effects. This review summarizes the biological rationale underlying mRNA vaccination in PDAC, recent progress in preclinical and early clinical trials, and key obstacles related to antigen selection, delivery platforms, and the immunosuppressive stroma. The potential integration of neoantigen mRNA vaccines into multimodal therapeutic strategies, including immune checkpoint inhibition and chemotherapy, is also discussed, underscoring their prospective role in overcoming resistance mechanisms and improving clinical outcomes in PDAC. However, most current data come from early-phase trials, with long-term benefits yet unproven. Definitive conclusions on efficacy and survival await results from ongoing randomized studies expected by 2028–2029. Further progress in neoantigen identification, delivery systems, and combination strategies is crucial to fully harness mRNA vaccine potential in PDAC.

Coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis are a very significant and widespread problem in modern medicine. The development of current diagnostics and treatment of atherosclerotic lesions is moving towards minimally invasive methods. The purpose of this article is to present selected novel methods of treating coronary atherosclerosis, comparing their effectiveness, indications, contraindications, and possible complications. A literature review of selected treatment methods for calcified atherosclerotic lesions was conducted in the online databases of PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, and NCBI. It includes original and review papers. The main language of the articles was English. The search used keywords such as “coronary artery disease,” “calcified atherosclerotic lesions,” “rotational atherectomy,” “intravascular lithotripsy,” and “RotaTripsy,” as well as related phrases. After analyzing the abstracts, the papers that most closely matched the stated topic were selected. Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of coronary heart disease incidence. Several risk factors, both non-modifiable and modifiable, predispose to its occurrence. Heavily calcified atherosclerotic plaques are associated with a higher risk of coronary artery disease consequences. Currently, methods such as CT coronary angiography and optical coherence tomography are used for diagnosis. Endovascular therapies are now recommended for the treatment of atherosclerosis with heavily calcified plaques. Rotational atherectomy, intravascular lithotripsy and RotaTripsy are promising methods for treating high-grade atherosclerosis with calcified deposits. However, especially in the case of RotaTripsy, further clinical studies are required to better evaluate the efficacy of this novel method.

Introduction and objective: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder where a desynchronization occurs in the discharge of neurons of specific brain areas. Clinically, this manifests as epileptic seizures with possible disturbances of consciousness. Therapy of epilepsy is based on pharmacotherapy,...

Introduction and objective: Cannabis is one of the most widely used illegal stimulants in the world. With a worldwide usage rate of about 4% of the population, it definitely leaves other drugs behind. Currently, the trend of cannabis use is upward which is most visible in the adolescent and...