In this study, a novel polysaccharide (PSH) with potent anti-gout activity was extracted and separated from Sanghuangporus vaninii (S. vaninii). The structural characteristics of PSH were elucidated using analytical techniques. HPLC analysis revealed that PSH was a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 5.25 × 10⁴ Da. FT-IR, NMR, and GC-MS collectively demonstrated that PSH was a pyranose with both α and β configurations, primarily composed of Glcp-(1→, →4)-Glcp-(2→, →3)-Galp-(1→, and Araf-(1→ linkages. The cell viability confirmed the non-toxicity of PSH. CAT and SOD showed that compared with the model group, PSH significantly offset the oxidative damage induced by MSU (p < 0.01). The results from ROS and MDA mutually corroborated the antioxidant capacity of PSH. Furthermore, PSH effectively suppressed MSU-triggered inflammatory responses. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory experiments provided evidence for the anti-gout efficacy of PSH. Collectively, these findings support the potential development of PSH as an anti-gout active substance.

Chondroitin sulfate (CS), commonly derived from animal cartilages, is a glycosaminoglycan with various bioactivities. This study employed an alkaline-enzyme method to prepare CS derived from Channa argus (referred to as CCS), using the heads and spines, which are food processing byproducts, as raw materials. Following this, we characterized its structure using HPLC, GPC, FTIR, and NMR and evaluated its antioxidant activity based on a TBHP-induced oxidative stress cell model. Structural analysis revealed that the CCS had a molecular weight of 5.09 kDa and was primarily composed of glucose and galactose units, featuring acetylated glucuronic acid–galactan chains with mixed α/β-glycosidic bonds. In vitro cellular antioxidant assays showed that CCS (80 μg/mL) significantly protected ARPE-19 cells against TBHP-induced oxidative damage by reducing ROS and MDA levels while enhancing the activity of typical antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD and GSH-Px). These findings indicate that CS derived from the byproduct of Channa argus processing has notable antioxidant properties and could serve as a promising food supplement for health applications.