The southern Yucatán contains the largest expanse of seasonal tropical forests remaining in Mexico, forming an ecocline between the drier north of the peninsula and the humid Petén, Guatemala. The Ca...

Based on the superposition of 19 individual tracks of American species of the freshwater copepod genus Eucyclops, two generalized tracks were found. T

The phenology of butterflies was analyzed in the Calakmul Region (CR) in the state of Campeche, México, over the course of 3 years. Altogether, 60,662 individuals were recorded, consisting of 359 species in 207 genera, 18 subfamilies, 5 families, and 2 superfamilies. Greatest species diversity was recorded during Oct and Nov. Monthly fluctuation in diversity was defined by rare species. Hesperiidae (135 species) and Nymphalidae (111 species) were the most diverse families, and showed the greatest variation with respect to distribution of species richness throughout the year. Papilionidae showed the greatest species richness during the dry season. Pieridae, Nymphalidae, and Lycaenidae showed peaks of greatest species richness and relative abundance during the rainy season. Results were compared to faunal studies of the Sierra de Atoyac de Álvarez, in the state of Guerrero, and of the Sierra de Manantlán, in Jalisco and Colima. Important similarities were observed among phenological patterns in the... Resumen La fenología de las mariposas fue analizada en la región de Calakmul (CR), Campeche, México. A lo largo de tres años se registraron 60,662 individuos, de 359 especies en 207 géneros, 18 subfamilias, cinco familias, y dos superfamilias. La mayor diversidad fue registrada durante octubre y noviembre. La fluctuación mensual de la diversidad fue definida por las especies raras. Las familias con mayor diversidad fueron Hesperiidae (135 especies) y Nymphalidae (111 especies) y presentaron la mayor variación con respecto a la distribución de la riqueza de especies a través del año. Papilionidae mostró la riqueza más grande de especies durante la estación seca. Pieridae, Nymphalidae y Lycaenidae presentaron sus máximos de riqueza de especies y abundancia relativa durante la estación lluviosa. Se hizo una comparación entre el presente estudio y los de fauna de Atoyac de Álvarez, en el estado de Guerrero, y de Manantlan, en Jalisco y Colima. Se observaron semejanzas entre la fenología de las tres regiones, ...

Recent studies have demonstrated the utility of DNA barcoding in the discovery of overlooked species and in the connection of immature and adult stages. In this study, we use DNA barcoding to examine diversity patterns in 121 species of Nymphalidae from the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. Our results suggest the presence of cryptic species in 8 of these 121 taxa. As well, the reference database derived from the analysis of adult specimens allowed the identification of nymphalid caterpillars providing new details on host plant use. We gathered DNA barcode sequences from 857 adult Nymphalidae representing 121 different species. This total includes four species (Adelpha iphiclus, Adelpha malea, Hamadryas iphtime and Taygetis laches) that were initially overlooked because of their close morphological similarity to other species. The barcode results showed that each of the 121 species possessed a diagnostic array of barcode sequences. In addition, there was evidence of cryptic taxa; seven species included two barcode clusters showing more than 2% sequence divergence while one species included three clusters. All 71 nymphalid caterpillars were identified to a species level by their sequence congruence to adult sequences. These caterpillars represented 16 species, and included Hamadryas julitta, an endemic species from the Yucatan Peninsula whose larval stages and host plant (Dalechampia schottii, also endemic to the Yucatan Peninsula) were previously unknown. This investigation has revealed overlooked species in a well-studied museum collection of nymphalid butterflies and suggests that there is a substantial incidence of cryptic species that await full characterization. The utility of barcoding in the rapid identification of caterpillars also promises to accelerate the assembly of information on life histories, a particularly important advance for hyperdiverse tropical insect assemblages.

Se evaluó si la coloración de las Nymphalidae frugívoras es un indicador de las unidades del paisaje. Se consideraron 4 condiciones de matriz agropecuaria (vegetación secundaria madura, vegetación secundaria joven, pastizales y cercos vivos) comparadas con 4 unidades de bosque (referente ecológico), en Tenosique, Tabasco, México. En cada unidad de paisaje se establecieron 10 trampas Van Someren-Rydon durante 5 días, aplicando 4 repeticiones. Se identificaron 63 especies, 58 en la matriz agropecuaria y 42 en el referente ecológico. Treinta y siete especies son compartidas, 21 asociadas a áreas agropecuarias y 5 solo del referente ecológico. La estructura de la vegetación afectó la abundancia y composición, pero no la riqueza de mariposas. Las comunidades de la matriz agropecuaria difirieron > 75% respecto al referente ecológico. Hubo correlación entre el color y el hábitat preferencial. Los patrones tigre y transparente (Danainae) se encontraron en el dosel cerrado. Con excepción de Adelpha (Limenitidinae) y las de color corteza (Biblidinae), las demás utilizan ampliamente el paisaje, destacando el tipo Hamadryas asociado a ambientes abiertos. El mosaico del paisaje estudiado de remanentes de bosque asociados a una matriz agropecuaria arbolada favorece la conservación del gremio de lepidópteros y mantiene una alta diversidad de las Nymphalidae frugívoras.

We present a review of the genus Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) of Mexico and Mesoamerica in which 11 species are recognized, including: X. clarionenis, X. fimbriata, X. frontalis, X. gualanensis, X. mexicanorum, X. nautlana, X. ocellaris, X. sonorina, X. wilmattae. Additionally, two new species are described, X. griswoldi sp. nov. with distribution in the United States and Mexico, and X. maya sp. nov. present in Mexico and Belize. Three species groups within the subgenus Neoxylocopa are recognized: frontalis, mexicanorum and sonorina. Identification keys are presented for identifying species groups and species. Furthermore, images of species and morphological structures as well as information regarding distribution are provided.