With the increasing popularity of prefabricated buildings, more and more precast plants have been equipped with multiple production lines to increase productivity and meet the growing market demand. Sharing equipment, human, and transportation resources is a typical feature of integrated scheduling management for precast production and transportation on multiple production lines. In response to these characteristics, this article studies the integrated scheduling optimization of multi-line production and transportation for prefabricated components. With on-time delivery and lower costs as the goals, a scheduling optimization mathematical model is established for this scenario. This article adopts the genetic algorithm to design the solution algorithm for this model, and the effectiveness of the model and algorithm is verified through an example. The results show that compared with the traditional scheduling scheme, this method can prominently reduce costs while promoting on-time delivery. The model and method can help the precast plant with multiple production lines improve efficiency and reduce costs, as well as enhancing the practicability of the precast production and transportation scheduling scheme.

Water, energy, and food (WEF) are critical resources to sustain urban development, which requires a sustainable structure of the urban WEF nexus to address trade-offs and achieve synergies. Although interactions in the WEF nexus are widely explored, its sustainable structure has largely been ignored. This study constructs a framework of WEF nexus sustainability factors. Based on a literature review and expert opinions, 21 factors influencing urban WEF nexus sustainability were extracted and their interrelationships determined. We used social network analysis (SNA) and interpretive structural modeling (ISM) to analyze the structure of the urban WEF network. The results indicate that technological investment and industrial added-value energy consumption are the most critical and fundamental factors for promoting the sustainable development of the urban WEF nexus. Additionally, the balance of water supply and demand and the comprehensive management of waste pollutants are also driving and supporting factors for the sustainability of the urban WEF nexus. The results of this study complement the interaction mechanism research of the urban WEF nexus and provide practical references for sustainable decision-making in urban WEF nexus practices.

In the construction sector, technical bid evaluation is crucial for maintaining equity, evaluating contractor capabilities, and allocating resources efficiently. However, traditional methods rely heavily on manual expert review, which can introduce subjective biases and efficiency bottlenecks. While the existing literature predominantly emphasizes multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques, automated content-level scoring mechanisms remain largely underexplored. This study aims to develop an evidence-grounded automated technical bid evaluation framework by integrating Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) and Large Language Models (LLMs), addressing the challenges of criterion–evidence alignment and traceable scoring in engineering document evaluation. We propose a criterion-guided framework that integrates a structured scoring criteria database, semantic retrieval, and LLM-based reasoning to identify relevant evidence and generate evidence-supported evaluation results. Empirical results on 37 real-world technical bids indicate that the proposed framework achieves better performance over baseline models in terms of absolute error (MAE), concordance (Lin’s CCC), and citation accuracy (CA), while maintaining comparable ranking consistency. The contributions of this study lie in adapting RAG and LLM techniques to the engineering technical bid evaluation scenario, establishing a criterion-guided and evidence-grounded evaluation mechanism to enhance scoring traceability, and providing empirical validation using real-world engineering bid documents. This study provides empirical evidence for automated bid scoring, offering a practical technical reference for the digital transformation of construction bid evaluation.