Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), represents a significant challenge in gastroenterology due to its chronic nature, unpredictable course, and impact on patients’ quality of life. The therapeutic landscape for IBD has evolved significantly with the advent of biologic agents targeting specific immune pathways. However, limitations, including partial efficacy, side effects, and development of resistance, highlight the ongoing need for innovative treatment approaches. This review explores emerging therapies in IBD, including novel biologics, small molecules, microbiome-based therapies, and gene and stem cell therapies. The article summarizes their mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, safety profiles, and potential future directions in IBD management. Methods: This comprehensive narrative review synthesizes current knowledge and emerging developments in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapeutics. Literature was identified through targeted selection of high-quality sources, including pivotal randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, regulatory approval documents, and clinical practice guidelines from major gastroenterology societies. Emphasis was placed on recent publications (2020–2024) to capture the rapidly evolving therapeutic landscape, with particular attention to FDA/EMA-approved therapies and promising late-stage investigational agents. Sources were prioritized based on clinical relevance, study quality, and regulatory status. This narrative approach was selected to provide comprehensive coverage of diverse therapeutic modalities spanning conventional treatments to cutting-edge techniques, including biologics, small molecules, microbiome-based therapies, gene therapy, and stem cell treatments. The review acknowledges the inherent limitations of non-systematic literature selection while prioritizing clinical utility and educational value for healthcare providers managing IBD patients in contemporary practice.

Background and aims: The World Health Organization has recently declared the frequent outbreaks of diphtheria in Nigeria as a public health concern. Although vaccination efforts have been successful in Nigeria, unfortunately, the recent 2023 outbreak in Nigeria has been nothing short of distressing. Of course, cases of diphtheria incidence are under‐reported in Nigeria. This present article aims to proffer a possible multifaceted approach to tackle outbreaks of diphtheria in Nigeria and improve immunization rates against the disease among the Nigerian populationMethods: In writing this study, literature search was done about diphtheria in Nigeria using the following keywords: “diphtheria, prevalence, vaccination, efforts, challenges, and Nigeria” on PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate within 10 years.Result: This study found that an estimated seven million people remain unvaccinated and are at risk for infection in the country, especially people living in the Northern part of the country. Between the June 30 and August 31, 2023, Nigeria recorded an unusual increase in the number of confirmed cases of diphtheria, where a total of 5898 suspected cases were reported from 59 local government areas in 11 states across Nigeria. The majority (99.4%) of suspected cases of the disease were reported from six states: Kano (1816), Katsina (234), Yobe (158), Bauchi (79), Kaduna (45), and Borno (33).Conclusion: If Nigeria is to emerge beyond these frequent epidemics of diphtheria, the Nigerian government must work on tackling this issue on multiple fronts simultaneously, that is, at the national and international levels, as we believe that these levels would give a holistic way to unmask diphtheria in Nigeria.