As research on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) continues to advance, their applications are becoming increasingly diverse and sophisticated. This paper aims to provide future researchers with a concise yet comprehensive understanding of the four fundamental operational principles of TENGs, enabling them to fully appreciate the unique characteristics and application scenarios of each mode. In doing so, researchers can make informed and well-grounded choices in selecting the most suitable operational mode for exploration and innovation, tailored to their specific fields and requirements. Furthermore, this paper aligns closely with the current research frontiers and development trends of TENGs by systematically reviewing the literature and analyzing recent developments in the field from three key perspectives: the expansion of application domains, innovations in structural design, and optimizations in material properties. Through this multidimensional framework, it not only highlights the broad potential and practical prospects of TENGs but also uncovers the latest advancements and future directions in technological breakthroughs and performance enhancement.

Precise drug delivery remains a critical challenge in nanomedicine, with conventional nanocarriers suffering from significant drug leakage during circulation, limited control over release kinetics, and a lack of temporal control. This study presents a computational design and multiphysics simulation of a Smart Biodegradable Nanosystem. Through COMSOL Multiphysics simulations encompassing heat transfer, mass diffusion, and fluid dynamics, we validated the theoretical feasibility of a seven-layer architecture. The computational model predicts that mapping a re-entrant auxetic metamaterial topology onto a spherical scaffold enables geometric locking under fluidic stress, theoretically minimizing drug leakage. Furthermore, modeled thermosensitive dynamic covalent bonds demonstrate highly controlled release kinetics. All performance metrics presented herein are derived from predictive mathematical modeling. Theoretical degradation profiles indicate complete breakdown within 90–180 days into endogenous substances. This simulation-based study establishes a rigorous theoretical blueprint to guide future empirical fabrication in precision nanomedicine.