Solid polymer electrolytes are considered among the most promising candidates for developing practical solid-state sodium batteries. However, moderate ionic conductivity and narrow electrochemical windows hinder their further application. Herein, inspired by the Na⁺/K⁺ conduction in biological membranes, we report a (–COO^–)-modified covalent organic framework (COF) as a Na-ion quasi-solid-state electrolyte with sub-nanometre-sized Na⁺ transport zones (6.7–11.6 Å) created by adjacent –COO^– groups and COF inwalls. The quasi-solid-state electrolyte enables selective Na⁺ transport along specific areas that are electronegative with sub-nanometre dimensions, resulting in a Na⁺ conductivity of 1.30×10^–4 S cm^–1 and oxidative stability of up to 5.32 V (versus Na⁺/Na) at 25 ± 1 °C. Testing the quasi-solid-state electrolyte in Na||Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ coin cell configuration demonstrates fast reaction dynamics, low polarization voltages, and a stable cycling performance over 1000 cycles at 60 mA g^–1 and 25 ± 1 °C with a 0.0048% capacity decay per cycle and a final discharge capacity of 83.5 mAh g⁻¹.

Fluorinated graphene (FG) has been a star material as a new derivative of graphene. In this paper, a series of fluorinated graphene materials are prepared by using N, O-doped graphene aerogel as precursor via a direct fluorination method, and the effect of fluorination temperature on the FG structure is investigated. The prepared FG samples are systematically characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. It is found that the structure of FG, including features such as layer size, chemical composition, chemical bond state of the component elements, etc., is significantly related to the fluorination temperature. With the change of the fluorination temperature, fluorine atoms enter the graphene framework by a substitution process of the N, O-containing groups, including residual phenol, ether, carbonyl groups, or C–N groups, and the addition to CC bonds, subsequently forming a fluoride with different fluorine contents. The fluorine content increases as the fluorination temperature increases from 200 °C to 300 °C, but decreases at a fluorination temperature of 350 °C due to the decomposition of the fluorinated graphene. The prepared FG samples are used as cathode material for lithium primary batteries. The FG sample prepared at 300 °C gives a high specific capacity of 632 mAh g⁻¹ and a discharge plateau of 2.35 V at a current density of 10 mA g⁻¹, corresponding to a high energy density of 1485 Wh kg⁻¹.