Cardiac diseases form the lion’s share of the global disease burden, owing to the paradigm shift to non-infectious diseases from infectious ones. The prevalence of CVDs has nearly doubled, increasing from 271 million in 1990 to 523 million in 2019. Additionally, the global trend for the years lived with disability has doubled, increasing from 17.7 million to 34.4 million over the same period. The advent of precision medicine in cardiology has ignited new possibilities for individually personalized, integrative, and patient-centric approaches to disease prevention and treatment, incorporating the standard clinical data with advanced “omics”. These data help with the phenotypically adjudicated individualization of treatment. The major objective of this review was to compile the evolving clinically relevant tools of precision medicine that can help with the evidence-based precise individualized management of cardiac diseases with the highest DALY. The field of cardiology is evolving to provide targeted therapy, which is crafted as per the “omics”, involving genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics, for deep phenotyping. Research for individualizing therapy in heart diseases with the highest DALY has helped identify novel genes, biomarkers, proteins, and technologies to aid early diagnosis and treatment. Precision medicine has helped in targeted management, allowing early diagnosis, timely precise intervention, and exposure to minimal side effects. Despite these great impacts, overcoming the barriers to implementing precision medicine requires addressing the economic, cultural, technical, and socio-political issues. Precision medicine is proposed to be the future of cardiovascular medicine and holds the potential for a more efficient and personalized approach to the management of cardiovascular diseases, contrary to the standardized blanket approach.

In motor learning, augmented feedback (AF) is the information provided by sources outside the body and encompasses visual feedback, auditory feedback, and multimodal augmented feedback. This review aims to examine the most recent evidence on these different modality types in healthy and diseased populations and athletes. The reporting of this review was guided by the standards of the “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA)” statement with the aim to examine the most recent evidence on these feedback types in healthy and diseased populations and athletes. The literature search for this review has been limited to electronic journals with the search engines ISI Web of Knowledge, OvidSP EMBASE, and PubMed databases. This review considers visual feedback as the cornerstone of all augmented feedback types by citing its superiority in learning complex skills by medical students and balance maintenance by older adults. The review also deciphers the role of auditory augmented feedback in encumbering already burdened visual connections in the rehabilitation of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and prosthetic limbs and further argues why the multimodal feedback model seems to be the most efficient way to offer feedback in learning motor tasks by alluding to multifaceted “skill training communication model” in the prevention of sports injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament tears. Multimodal augmented feedback seems to be the most effective and appropriate way to give feedback during motor learning in healthy and diseased populations and athletes as its stimuli are perceived faster and tend to be retained longer compared with the unimodal stimuli of auditory and visual feedback mechanisms.

Smartphone use, particularly at night, has been shown to provoke various circadian sleep–wake rhythm disorders such as insomnia and excessive daytime tiredness. This relationship has been mainly scrutinized among patient groups with higher rates of smartphone usage, particularly adolescents and children. However, it remains obscure how smartphone usage impacts sleep parameters in adults, especially undergraduate college students. This study sought to (1) investigate the association between smartphone use (actual screen time) and four sleep parameters: Pittsburgh sleep quality score (PSQI), self-reported screen time, bedtime, and rise time; (2) compare the seven PSQI components between good and poor sleep quality subjects. In total, 264 undergraduate medical students (aged 17 to 25 years) were recruited from the Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, India. All participants completed a sleep questionnaire, which was electronically shared via a WhatsApp invitation link. Hierarchical and multinomial regression analyses were performed in relation to (1) and (2). The average PSQI score was 5.03 ± 0.86, with approximately one in two respondents (48.3%) having a poor sleep index. Smartphone use significantly predicted respondents’ PSQI score (β = 0.142, p = 0.040, R² = 0.027), perceived screen time (β = 0.113, p = 0.043, R² = 343), bedtime (β = 0.106, p = 0.042, R² = 045), and rise time (β = 0.174, p = 0.015, R² = 0.028). When comparing poor-quality sleep (PSQI ≥ 5) to good-quality sleep (PSQI < 5), with good-quality sleep as the reference, except sleep efficiency and sleep medications (p > 0.05), five PSQI components declined significantly: subjective sleep quality (β = −0.096, p < 0.001); sleep latency (β = −0.034, p < 0.001); sleep duration (β = −0.038, p < 0.001); sleep disturbances (β = 1.234, p < 0.001); and sleep dysfunction (β = −0.077, p < 0.001). Consequently, public health policymakers should take this evidence into account when developing guidelines around smartphone use—i.e., the when, where, and how much smartphone use—to promote improved sleep behaviour and reduce the rate of sleep–wake rhythm disorders.

Coronary artery calcium scoring (CACS), a non-invasive measure of coronary atherosclerosis, has significantly enhanced cardiovascular (CV) risk assessment and stratification in asymptomatic individuals. More recently, a higher score for CAC has been associated with an increased risk of non-CV diseases and all-cause mortality. This review consolidated evidence supporting the role of CAC in assessing non-CV diseases, emphasizing its potential in early diagnosis and prognosis. We observed a strong association between CACS and non-CV diseases, viz., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, nephrolithiasis, stroke, dementia, malignancies, and several autoimmune diseases. Also, CAC may aid in evaluating the risk of CV conditions developing secondary to the non-CV diseases mentioned earlier. Further evidence from prospective studies, intervention trials, and population-based behavioral studies is needed to establish CAC cutoff values and explore preventative care applications, facilitating their broader integration into healthcare practices.

With technology scaling, soft error resilience is becoming a major concern in circuit design. This paper presents a class of low-overhead flip-flops suitable for soft error detection and correction. The proposed design reuses logic elements typically available in a standard-cell implementation of a flip-flop to reduce hardware overhead. We demonstrate that the proposed flip-flops are also suitable for enhanced scan based delay fault testing, which allows arbitrary two-pattern test application for the best combinational path testability. The proposed flip-flops show an average power reduction of 16% and area improvement of 17% compared to the best alternative techniques with no additional delay overhead

Apraxia is a cognitive-motor planning disorder that expresses itself as an inability to perform purposeful and skilled movements in the absence of sensory or motor loss and hampers patients' ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL). ADL is a set of everyday tasks required for personal care and independent living, executed through a complex interaction between sensorimotor integration and motor learning. We have designed a ‘Strategy training’ program for apraxia patients by reviewing the existing clinical trial literature on the above-said topic per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Strategy training is an evidence-based standardized occupational therapy program to improve ADL in apractic patients by teaching them a variety of compensatory strategies to combat impairment and improve activity performance. Three basic steps of strategy training include: 1) initiation-development of an action plan, 2) execution-performance of the plan, and 3) control-assessment and result of action performed. The patient group suggested for strategy training comprises post-stroke (past 20 weeks) apraxia patients aged 40-90 years of both genders, highly motivated and fit to perform ADL. After preliminary assessment, ‘strategy training’ will be specifically executed through an exclusively visual feedback approach in which apraxia patients learn eight ADLs in 8 weeks (three sessions of 30 minutes/week for 8 weeks). They practice two ADLs for 15 minutes each in every session, thus a total of six sessions will be allocated to learn two ADLs simultaneously followed by the next set of ADLs. Strategy training for brushing teeth is described in detail to show how each step of this training program is implemented for a specific ADL. As this strategy training program is based on individual care, attention, and augmenting motivational aspects, it is expected to teach patients compensatory strategies to learn and perform ADL more smoothly, swiftly, and most importantly independently. The program is not aimed at treating clinical motor symptoms of apraxia per se but to help patients function more independently post apractic motor impairment.