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A global goal to limit dangerous climate change has been agreed through the 2015 Paris Accords. The scientific case for action has been accepted by nearly all governments, at national and local or state level. Yet in all legislatures, there is a gap between the stated climate ambitions and the implementation of the measures necessary to achieve them. This paper examines this gap by analysing the experience of the following three UK cities: Belfast, Edinburgh, and Leeds. Researchers worked with city officials and elected representatives, using interviews and deliberative workshops to develop their shared understandings. The study finds that local actors employ different strategies to respond to the stated climate emergency, based on their innate understanding, or ‘phronetic knowledge’, of what works. It concludes that rapid climate action depends not just on the structures and mechanisms of governance, but at a deeper level, the assumptions, motivations and applied knowledge of decision-makers.
Andy Yuille; David Tyfield; Rebecca Willis. Implementing Rapid Climate Action: Learning from the ‘Practical Wisdom’ of Local Decision-Makers. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5687 .
AMA StyleAndy Yuille, David Tyfield, Rebecca Willis. Implementing Rapid Climate Action: Learning from the ‘Practical Wisdom’ of Local Decision-Makers. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (10):5687.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndy Yuille; David Tyfield; Rebecca Willis. 2021. "Implementing Rapid Climate Action: Learning from the ‘Practical Wisdom’ of Local Decision-Makers." Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5687.
Peter Adey; Kevin Hannam; Mimi Sheller; David Tyfield. Pandemic (Im)mobilities. Mobilities 2021, 16, 1 -19.
AMA StylePeter Adey, Kevin Hannam, Mimi Sheller, David Tyfield. Pandemic (Im)mobilities. Mobilities. 2021; 16 (1):1-19.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Adey; Kevin Hannam; Mimi Sheller; David Tyfield. 2021. "Pandemic (Im)mobilities." Mobilities 16, no. 1: 1-19.
TechnoScienceSociety (TSS) denotes the birth pangs of a new era, while signposting the importance of STS in this context, and the changes to STS in turn that it demands. This paper argues that grappling with TSS and a politics thereof demands a shift broadly from the default epistemo-politics of critique or post-structural criticism, but also going beyond work, inspired by actor network theory, on ‘ontological politics’. The paper considers some of the key problems with the conception of ontological politics vis-à-vis the predicament of an emerging TSS before a brief discussion of an alternative perspective, of complex power/knowledge systems (CP/KS) within an onto-politics of situated practical wisdom (phronesis). Finally, we illustrate the arguments by analysing, using this alternative perspective, a key case study of contemporary TSS: the ongoing attempts of innovation towards a transition in urban mobility system in China.
David Tyfield. Mobilizing the Emergence of Phronetic TechnoScienceSocieties: Low-Carbon E-Mobility in China. Community and Identity in Contemporary Technosciences 2020, 225 -248.
AMA StyleDavid Tyfield. Mobilizing the Emergence of Phronetic TechnoScienceSocieties: Low-Carbon E-Mobility in China. Community and Identity in Contemporary Technosciences. 2020; ():225-248.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Tyfield. 2020. "Mobilizing the Emergence of Phronetic TechnoScienceSocieties: Low-Carbon E-Mobility in China." Community and Identity in Contemporary Technosciences , no. : 225-248.
Low-carbon innovation is usually depicted as an exemplar of pursuit of the common good, in both mainstream policy discussion and the emerging orthodoxy of transition studies. Yet it may emerge as a key means of intensifying inequality. We analyse low-carbon innovation as a social and political process through the prism of differential risk-classes, focusing on the pivotal global case of emergence of the Chinese middle-class in seaboard megacities, especially regarding the profound challenges of urban e-mobility transition. This approach shows emergence of this still-forming sociopolitical grouping as tightly and complementarily coupled with the assembling of innovations that meaningfully tackle global risks, such as climate change, while also intensifying existing inequalities. Misrecognition of the duality of low-carbon innovations as both moral technologies and as relatively expensive consumer products has the potentiality to be a key mechanism of this process, thereby serving to reproduce, constitute and legitimize inequalities in novel and unexpected ways.
Dean Curran; David Tyfield. Low-Carbon Transition as Vehicle of New Inequalities? Risk-Class, the Chinese Middle-Class and the Moral Economy of Misrecognition. Theory, Culture & Society 2019, 37, 131 -156.
AMA StyleDean Curran, David Tyfield. Low-Carbon Transition as Vehicle of New Inequalities? Risk-Class, the Chinese Middle-Class and the Moral Economy of Misrecognition. Theory, Culture & Society. 2019; 37 (2):131-156.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDean Curran; David Tyfield. 2019. "Low-Carbon Transition as Vehicle of New Inequalities? Risk-Class, the Chinese Middle-Class and the Moral Economy of Misrecognition." Theory, Culture & Society 37, no. 2: 131-156.
Non-technical summaryIn the face of limited carbon budgets, negative emissions technologies (NETs) offer hopes of removing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. It is difficult to determine whether the prospect of NETs is significantly deterring or delaying timely action to cut emissions. This paper sets out a novel theoretical perspective to this challenge, enabling analysis that accounts for interactions between technologies, society and political and economic power. The paper argues that, seen in this light, the scope of NETs to substitute for mitigation may be easily exaggerated, and thus that the risk of harm from mitigation deterrence should be taken seriously.
Nils Markusson; Duncan McLaren; David Tyfield. Towards a cultural political economy of mitigation deterrence by negative emissions technologies (NETs). Global Sustainability 2018, 1, 1 .
AMA StyleNils Markusson, Duncan McLaren, David Tyfield. Towards a cultural political economy of mitigation deterrence by negative emissions technologies (NETs). Global Sustainability. 2018; 1 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNils Markusson; Duncan McLaren; David Tyfield. 2018. "Towards a cultural political economy of mitigation deterrence by negative emissions technologies (NETs)." Global Sustainability 1, no. : 1.
In this study we look at everyday politics of electric bike mobility by exploring the social practices of e-bike users in order to understand the role of e-bikes in emerging low-carbon mobility system in China, asking ‘where is the politics of the E2W in contemporary China?’ We explore the underlying political tensions in electric two-wheeler mobility by examining family and informal e-bike journeys. We argue that ‘civilizational’ government perspective provides a new way of thinking about politics of mobility and system transition in China.
Dennis Zuev; David Tyfield; John Urry. Where is the politics? E-bike mobility in urban China and civilizational government. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 2018, 30, 19 -32.
AMA StyleDennis Zuev, David Tyfield, John Urry. Where is the politics? E-bike mobility in urban China and civilizational government. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. 2018; 30 ():19-32.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDennis Zuev; David Tyfield; John Urry. 2018. "Where is the politics? E-bike mobility in urban China and civilizational government." Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 30, no. : 19-32.
Since the global financial crisis of 2007/8, proliferating calls for a Keynesian Green New Deal have cast the publicly (and environmentally) minded state as a necessary driver of technological innovation and social transformation, while, vice versa, innovation has moved to political centre-stage. The history and genesis of this particular Green Keynesian paradigm illustrate that some of its most high-profile proponents selectively and problematically frame twentieth-century Keynesianism and the ‘public good’. It is important to examine critically the calls for an ‘entrepreneurial state’ in which Green Keynesian ideas are mobilized in support of an agenda for continued and accelerated development of commercially focused, privately developed green technologies. The entrepreneurial state represents a neoliberal re-appropriation of Green Keynesianism, where dominant financial actors (in Silicon Valley, as opposed to on Wall Street) are tapped as the visionaries who can and should set our collective innovation agenda. Although there is a need for large-scale, coordinated techno-social efforts to address climate change, supporting ‘green’ innovation cannot simply be framed as maximizing ‘innovation’ while taking the ‘state’ for granted. Instead, it must entail a careful assessment of the specific trajectories of innovation being enabled and the underlying socio-natures that they maintain and promote. Science and technology studies (STS)-informed analysis allows, and compels, asking how socio-technological innovation and their constitutive power relations are crucially interrelated, making the reshaping of the state—still the primary institution and system of social relations of collective governance—a core but neglected political, technological and ecological project of our time, with a key role for STS.
Jesse Goldstein; David Peter Tyfield. Green Keynesianism: Bringing the Entrepreneurial State Back in(to Question)? Science as Culture 2017, 27, 74 -97.
AMA StyleJesse Goldstein, David Peter Tyfield. Green Keynesianism: Bringing the Entrepreneurial State Back in(to Question)? Science as Culture. 2017; 27 (1):74-97.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJesse Goldstein; David Peter Tyfield. 2017. "Green Keynesianism: Bringing the Entrepreneurial State Back in(to Question)?" Science as Culture 27, no. 1: 74-97.
A book review of Paula Stephan's (2012) 'How Economics Shapes Science', Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
David Tyfield. Blinded by (economic) science. Metascience 2017, 26, 329 -333.
AMA StyleDavid Tyfield. Blinded by (economic) science. Metascience. 2017; 26 (2):329-333.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Tyfield. 2017. "Blinded by (economic) science." Metascience 26, no. 2: 329-333.
This paper argues that existing critiques of technical fixes are unable to explain our simultaneous enamourment and distrust with technical fixes, and that to do so, we need a political economy analysis. We develop a critical, theoretically grounded conceptualisation of technical fixes as imagined defensive spatio-temporal fixes of specific political economic regimes, and apply it to the case of geoengineering, or ‘clean fossil’, as an attempted technical fix of the climate change problem. We map the promises of clean fossil as proposed solutions to the problem of climate change in discrete episodes since the 1960s. The paper shows that clean fossil promises have been surprisingly poorly aligned with the neoliberal regime, and explains how they have been moderately stable due to those misalignments. We also show that different liberal capitalisms could be supported by different clean fossil technologies, but also that illiberal or more egalitarian regimes remain possible alongside particular, perhaps radically re-envisioned, versions of clean fossil. Ambivalence towards clean fossil technical fix promises is intelligible, given the inherent instability of their co-evolution with neoliberalism and future political regimes.
Nils Markusson; Mads Dahl Gjefsen; Jennie C. Stephens; David Tyfield. The political economy of technical fixes: The (mis)alignment of clean fossil and political regimes. Energy Research & Social Science 2017, 23, 1 -10.
AMA StyleNils Markusson, Mads Dahl Gjefsen, Jennie C. Stephens, David Tyfield. The political economy of technical fixes: The (mis)alignment of clean fossil and political regimes. Energy Research & Social Science. 2017; 23 ():1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNils Markusson; Mads Dahl Gjefsen; Jennie C. Stephens; David Tyfield. 2017. "The political economy of technical fixes: The (mis)alignment of clean fossil and political regimes." Energy Research & Social Science 23, no. : 1-10.
The multiple, complex and systemic problems of the agriculture–food–water–environment nexus (“Nexus”) are among the most significant challenges of the 21st century. China is a key site for Nexus research amidst profound socio‐environmental problems. The policy implications of these problems have been authoritatively summarized elsewhere. This study presents discussions at an international workshop in Guangzhou that asked instead “What science is needed to deliver the growing policy commitments regarding these challenges? And, What changes are needed to the science itself?” Understanding and effective intervention regarding the Nexus calls for a paradigm shift: to a new kind of science of (capacity for) international, interdisciplinary, and impactful research working with and within complex socio‐natural systems. We here argue that science must become proactive in approach, striving only for “minimal harm” not “silver bullet” solutions, and adopting an explicitly long‐term strategic perspective. Together, these arguments lead to calls for reorienting science and science policy in three ways: from short‐term remediation to longer‐term optimization; from a focus on environmental threats to one on the opportunities for international collaborative learning; and toward supporting new forms of scientific career. We bring these points together by recommending a new form of scientific institution: a global network of collaborative Nexus Centres, under the umbrella of a global Food Nexus Organization akin to those of the human genome and proteome.
Xinguang Zhu; Martin Parry; Yonglong Lu; Matthew Heard; Guangguo Ying; Simon Vaughan; Jianbo Shen; Alan Jenkins; Yunpeng Wang; Silvia Lacorte; Tingping Ouyang; Francisco Pedrero Salcedo; Jun Niu; John Quinton; Chunling Luo; Fusuo Zhang; Gan Zhang; William Davies; Kevin Christopher Jones; David Tyfield. Building the new international science of the agriculture–food–water–environment nexus in china and the world. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 2016, 2, e01249 .
AMA StyleXinguang Zhu, Martin Parry, Yonglong Lu, Matthew Heard, Guangguo Ying, Simon Vaughan, Jianbo Shen, Alan Jenkins, Yunpeng Wang, Silvia Lacorte, Tingping Ouyang, Francisco Pedrero Salcedo, Jun Niu, John Quinton, Chunling Luo, Fusuo Zhang, Gan Zhang, William Davies, Kevin Christopher Jones, David Tyfield. Building the new international science of the agriculture–food–water–environment nexus in china and the world. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability. 2016; 2 (11):e01249.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXinguang Zhu; Martin Parry; Yonglong Lu; Matthew Heard; Guangguo Ying; Simon Vaughan; Jianbo Shen; Alan Jenkins; Yunpeng Wang; Silvia Lacorte; Tingping Ouyang; Francisco Pedrero Salcedo; Jun Niu; John Quinton; Chunling Luo; Fusuo Zhang; Gan Zhang; William Davies; Kevin Christopher Jones; David Tyfield. 2016. "Building the new international science of the agriculture–food–water–environment nexus in china and the world." Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 2, no. 11: e01249.
‘Methodological cosmopolitanism’ connotes a profound transformation of the (social) sciences as forms of public reflexive social analysis on learning to live well together through building homes in the world: what may be called the ‘Beckian vision’, in memory of Ulrich Beck. This short note considers how Beck’s concept of emancipatory catastrophism may not be the most productive development of his own programme. This is precisely brought out by a methodologically cosmopolitan analysis of a key East Asian response to the global risk of climate change: innovation of low-carbon cities in China. Instead, these presumptively archetypically cosmopolitan initiatives offer something of a political education regarding the irreducibly strategic power/knowledge dynamics at work – including in ongoing contestation about the very term ‘cosmopolitan’.
David Peter Tyfield. Realizing the Beckian Vision: Cosmopolitan Cosmopolitanism and Low-Carbon China as Political Education. Theory, Culture & Society 2016, 33, 301 -309.
AMA StyleDavid Peter Tyfield. Realizing the Beckian Vision: Cosmopolitan Cosmopolitanism and Low-Carbon China as Political Education. Theory, Culture & Society. 2016; 33 (7-8):301-309.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Peter Tyfield. 2016. "Realizing the Beckian Vision: Cosmopolitan Cosmopolitanism and Low-Carbon China as Political Education." Theory, Culture & Society 33, no. 7-8: 301-309.
A decade of mobilities research has responded to the key question of how a ‘world on the move’ can and should be studied, including in terms of futures thereby brought into view and possibly shaped into being. What happens, however, if we shift our focus from the ‘world on the move’ to the ‘world on the move’, with all the cosmopolitical diversity this highlights? This paper explores this question regarding the parallel research programme of methodological cosmopolitanism, inspired and instigated by the work of Ulrich Beck. We examine how mobilities research and methodological cosmopolitanism illuminate, support and contrast with each other as paradigms of social science for the twenty-first century. We argue for two major changes in this regard: moving from ‘methods’ as tools for objective knowledge-gathering to partial but directed and knowledge-enabling dialogical interventions; and from ‘data’ as given ‘facts’ to the construction of new, promising boundary-crossing connections. These reorientations resonate strongly also with methodological directions from mobilities research, but in complementary and (productively) different ways. In particular, both relate to a shift of methodological imperatives, specifically regarding dynamic, interactive and power-attentive forms of social knowledge-making or phronesis, a situated practical wisdom. We illustrate these points in brief with insights from our own methodologically cosmopolitan research on key contemporary cosmopolitized issues, undertaken as part of Beck’s ‘cosmopolitan climate change’ (CosmoClimate) project.
David Tyfield; Anders Blok. Doing methodological cosmopolitanism in a mobile world. Mobilities 2016, 11, 629 -641.
AMA StyleDavid Tyfield, Anders Blok. Doing methodological cosmopolitanism in a mobile world. Mobilities. 2016; 11 (4):629-641.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Tyfield; Anders Blok. 2016. "Doing methodological cosmopolitanism in a mobile world." Mobilities 11, no. 4: 629-641.
David Tyfield. ‘What is to be Done?’ Insights and Blind Spots from Cultural Political Economy(s). Journal of Critical Realism 2015, 14, 530 -548.
AMA StyleDavid Tyfield. ‘What is to be Done?’ Insights and Blind Spots from Cultural Political Economy(s). Journal of Critical Realism. 2015; 14 (5):530-548.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Tyfield. 2015. "‘What is to be Done?’ Insights and Blind Spots from Cultural Political Economy(s)." Journal of Critical Realism 14, no. 5: 530-548.
This paper explores environmental innovation in the largest emerging economy – China – and its potential for contributing to global transitions to low‐carbon, more sustainable patterns of development. It builds on earlier studies bringing alternative forms of low(er)‐technology, ‘below‐the‐radar', ‘disruptive' and/or social innovation into its analysis. In addition, however, the paper develops our understanding of low‐carbon innovation by paying particular attention to issues of changing power relations and social practices: theoretical issues that need attention in the literature generally but are notably absent when studying transitions in China. This shift in perspective allows four neglected questions to be introduced and, in each case, points to both opportunities and challenges to low‐carbon system transition that are overlooked by an orthodox focus on technological innovations alone. These are briefly illustrated by drawing on examples from three key domains of low‐carbon innovation: solar‐generated energy, electric urban mobility, and food and agriculture. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
David Tyfield; Adrian Ely; Sam Geall. Low Carbon Innovation in China: From Overlooked Opportunities and Challenges to Transitions in Power Relations and Practices. Sustainable Development 2015, 23, 206 -216.
AMA StyleDavid Tyfield, Adrian Ely, Sam Geall. Low Carbon Innovation in China: From Overlooked Opportunities and Challenges to Transitions in Power Relations and Practices. Sustainable Development. 2015; 23 (4):206-216.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Tyfield; Adrian Ely; Sam Geall. 2015. "Low Carbon Innovation in China: From Overlooked Opportunities and Challenges to Transitions in Power Relations and Practices." Sustainable Development 23, no. 4: 206-216.
Much discourse on low-carbon transition envisages progressive social change towards environmentally sustainable and more equitable societies. Yet much of this literature pays inadequate attention to the key question of (productive, relational) power. How do energy infrastructures and socio-technical systems interact with, construct, enable and constrain political regimes, and vice versa? Conceiving low-carbon energy transitions through a power lens, the paper explores a case study of huge, but overlooked, significance: the paradox of the ‘phenomenal’ resurgence of coal in an era of low-carbon innovation. Through exposition of the strong connections between coal-based socio-technical systems and a political regime of classical liberalism, illustrated in two eras, we trace an emerging constellation of energy and political regimes connecting ‘clean coal’ with a ‘liberalism 2.0’ centred on a rising China. This affords a critique of the low-carbon society emergent from these developments – a society more reminiscent of coal's previous Dickensian heyday than the progressive visions of much ‘low-carbon transition’ literature.
David Tyfield. ‘King Coal is Dead! Long Live the King!’: The Paradoxes of Coal's Resurgence in the Emergence of Global Low-Carbon Societies. Theory, Culture & Society 2014, 31, 59 -81.
AMA StyleDavid Tyfield. ‘King Coal is Dead! Long Live the King!’: The Paradoxes of Coal's Resurgence in the Emergence of Global Low-Carbon Societies. Theory, Culture & Society. 2014; 31 (5):59-81.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Tyfield. 2014. "‘King Coal is Dead! Long Live the King!’: The Paradoxes of Coal's Resurgence in the Emergence of Global Low-Carbon Societies." Theory, Culture & Society 31, no. 5: 59-81.
David Tyfield. Real Social Science: Applied Phronesis, Flyvbjerg, B., Landman, T., Schram, S. (Eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2012). xi+308 pp., £18.99, Paperback, ISBN: 9780521168205. Journal of Transport Geography 2013, 28, 212 -213.
AMA StyleDavid Tyfield. Real Social Science: Applied Phronesis, Flyvbjerg, B., Landman, T., Schram, S. (Eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2012). xi+308 pp., £18.99, Paperback, ISBN: 9780521168205. Journal of Transport Geography. 2013; 28 ():212-213.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Tyfield. 2013. "Real Social Science: Applied Phronesis, Flyvbjerg, B., Landman, T., Schram, S. (Eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2012). xi+308 pp., £18.99, Paperback, ISBN: 9780521168205." Journal of Transport Geography 28, no. : 212-213.
Science and technology policy is both faced by unprecedented challenges and itself undergoing seismic shifts. First, policy is increasingly demanding of science that it fixes a set of epochal and global crises. On the other hand, practices of scientific research are changing rapidly regarding geographical dispersion, the institutions and identities of those involved and its forms of knowledge production and circulation. Furthermore, these changes are accelerated by the current upheavals in public funding of research, higher education and technology development in the wake of the economic crisis. The paper outlines an agenda for science & technology policy studies in terms of a research programme of a ‘cultural political economy of research and innovation’ (CPERI). First, the implications of the overlapping crises for science policy analysis are discussed. Secondly, three rough constellations of contemporary approaches to science policy are critically compared, namely: a techno-statist Keynesian governance; a neoliberal marketplace of ideas; and co-productionist enabling of democratic debate. CPERI is then introduced, showing how it builds on the strengths of co-production while also specifically targeting two major weaknesses that are of heightened importance in an age of multiple crises, namely neglect of political economy and the concept of power
David Tyfield. A Cultural Political Economy of Research and Innovation in an Age of Crisis. Minerva 2012, 50, 149 -167.
AMA StyleDavid Tyfield. A Cultural Political Economy of Research and Innovation in an Age of Crisis. Minerva. 2012; 50 (2):149-167.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Tyfield. 2012. "A Cultural Political Economy of Research and Innovation in an Age of Crisis." Minerva 50, no. 2: 149-167.
There is a growing consensus that we are facing epochal challenges in global food security. Moreover, these challenges are multiple and complex. Meeting these challenges will involve nothing less than a wholesale socio-technical transition of the agri-food system. Optimizing the efficacy of the contribution of research to such a food security agenda will probably also need new institutional mechanisms and career structures to facilitate new kinds of collaborations and ongoing, longer-term projects. In short, the multiple challenges of food security demand a different political economy of research for effective intervention by science. In making this argument, the paper summarizes the major findings of a recent report regarding the potential impact of so-called ‘disruptive’ low-carbon innovations in China.
David Tyfield. Food systems transition and disruptive low carbon innovation: implications for a food security research agenda. Journal of Experimental Botany 2011, 62, 3701 -3706.
AMA StyleDavid Tyfield. Food systems transition and disruptive low carbon innovation: implications for a food security research agenda. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2011; 62 (11):3701-3706.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Tyfield. 2011. "Food systems transition and disruptive low carbon innovation: implications for a food security research agenda." Journal of Experimental Botany 62, no. 11: 3701-3706.
David Tyfield. Social Movements in China and Hong Kong: The Expansion of Protest Space. Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 2010, 39, 718 -719.
AMA StyleDavid Tyfield. Social Movements in China and Hong Kong: The Expansion of Protest Space. Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews. 2010; 39 (6):718-719.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Tyfield. 2010. "Social Movements in China and Hong Kong: The Expansion of Protest Space." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 39, no. 6: 718-719.
David Tyfield; John Urry. Cosmopolitan China? Soziale Welt 2010, 277 -293.
AMA StyleDavid Tyfield, John Urry. Cosmopolitan China? Soziale Welt. 2010; ():277-293.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Tyfield; John Urry. 2010. "Cosmopolitan China?" Soziale Welt , no. : 277-293.