The Shendong mining area, a pivotal coal production base in China, faces considerable challenges due to extensive mining activities. The significant development of overlying rock fractures and the widespread occurrence of surface cracks present a major challenge to mining safety and ecological preservation in China and other mining nations. This study focuses on the Panel 12,401 fully mechanized longwall face at Shangwan Coal Mine to systematically investigate overburden movement and the evolution of surface fractures. By combining UDEC discrete element modeling with a computational framework that links subsurface strata subsidence and surface settlement, this research examines the spatial and mechanical properties of fracture propagation. Experimental results show that surface fractures continue to develop as the working face advances, with their horizontal apertures gradually decreasing and eventually closing after the face passes. Both the maximum surface subsidence and the maximum fracture aperture exhibit a strong positive correlation with mining height. In contrast, increased mining depth leads to reductions in maximum surface subsidence, the subsidence factor, and the size of surface fracture apertures. These findings provide a theoretical basis for reducing mining-induced damage and promoting ecological restoration in mining areas.