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Applying crop residues is a widely used strategy to increase soil organic matter (SOM) in arable soils because of its recorded effects on increasing microbial biomass and consequently necromass. However, fresh residue inputs could also prime the decomposition of native SOM, resulting in accelerated SOM depletion and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Increasing the botanical diversity of the crops grown in arable systems has been promoted to increase the delivery of multiple ecological functions, including increasing soil microbial biomass and SOM. Whether mixtures of fresh residues from different crops grown in polyculture contribute to soil carbon (C) pools to a greater extent than would be expected from applying individual residues (i.e., the mixture produces a non-additive synergistic effect) has not been systematically tested and is currently unknown. In this study, we used 13C isotope labelled cover crop residues (i.e., buckwheat, clover, radish, and sunflower) to track the fate of plant residue-derived C and C derived from the priming of SOM in treatments comprising a quaternary mixture of the residues and the average effect of the four individual residues one day after residue incorporation in a laboratory microcosm experiment. Our results indicate that, despite all treatments receiving the same amount of plant residue-derived C (1 mg C g-1 soil), the total microbial biomass in the treatment receiving the residue mixture was significantly greater, by 26% (3.69 μg C g-1), than the average microbial biomass observed in treatments receiving the four individual components of the mixture one day after applying crop residues. The greater microbial biomass C in the quaternary mixture, compared to average of the individual residue treatments, that can be attributed directly to the plant residue applied was also significantly greater, by 132% (3.61 μg C g-1). However, there was no evidence that the mixture resulted in any more priming of native SOM than average priming observed in the individual residue treatments. The soil microbial community structure, assessed using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, was significantly (P < 0.001) different in the soil receiving the residue mixture, compared to the average structures of the communities in soil receiving four individual residues. Differences in the biomass of fungi, general bacteria, and Gram-positive bacteria were responsible for the observed synergistic effect of crop residue mixtures on total microbial biomass and residue-derived microbial biomass, especially biomarkers 16:0, 18:2ω6 and 18:3ω3. Our study demonstrates that applying a mixture of crop residues increases soil microbial biomass to a greater extent than would be expected from applying individual residues and that this occurs either due to faster decomposition of the crop residues or greater carbon use efficiency (CUE), rather than priming the decomposition of native SOM. Therefore, growing crop polycultures (e.g., cover crop mixtures) and incorporating mixtures of the resulting crop residues into the soil could be an effective method to increase microbial biomass and ultimately C stocks in arable soils.
Xin Shu; Yiran Zou; Liz J. Shaw; Lindsay Todman; Mark Tibbett; Tom Sizmur. Mixing crop residues induces a synergistic effect on microbial biomass and an additive effect on soil organic matter priming. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleXin Shu, Yiran Zou, Liz J. Shaw, Lindsay Todman, Mark Tibbett, Tom Sizmur. Mixing crop residues induces a synergistic effect on microbial biomass and an additive effect on soil organic matter priming. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXin Shu; Yiran Zou; Liz J. Shaw; Lindsay Todman; Mark Tibbett; Tom Sizmur. 2021. "Mixing crop residues induces a synergistic effect on microbial biomass and an additive effect on soil organic matter priming." , no. : 1.
Nutrient enrichment can negatively affect natural plant communities and result in the loss of species diversity and productivity. Despite this, fertiliser (especially phosphorus) is typically applied to restore highly biodiverse communities. Long-term effects of nutrient addition to restored plant communities, particularly those adapted to inherently low nutrient soils, have received little attention. We report results of a large-scale 20-year field experiment established in West Australian jarrah forest restored after bauxite mining Three P-application rates were applied (0, 80 and 120 kg ha−1) once at the beginning of the experiment, and plant communities monitored after 1, 6, 13 and 20 years. One year after the onset of restoration, native plant species richness and plant density was highest at 80 and 120 kg P ha−1. Subsequently, native species richness, plant density, and the richness and density of seeder and slow-growing resprouter species were highest without fertilisation, establishing the negative impact of P enrichment on plant community and ecosystem development in P impoverished soils. Total plant cover was similar for all P treatments across the chronosequence which, when combined with higher stem densities at zero P, suggests zero P favoured smaller, slower growing species. Applied-P initially favoured weeds and ephemerals and, while these species declined over time, other species were lost from these plots. The similarity of the restored communities to unmined reference jarrah forest increased over time and was consistently highest at in the absence of P fertiliser. Jarrah forest restoration is assumed to follow the initial floristic model of plant succession. However, we question this assumption and instead suggest that successional outcomes are contingent on P fertilisation rather than initial floristics per se. Applied P retarded recruitment of resprouter species that were present at zero P, debunking the assumption under IFM that these species do not disperse to restored areas. Consequently, based on the most comprehensive long-term study of P-fertilisation in the context of restoration of P-impoverished ecosystems yet reported, we propose that P limitation is important for the recreation of species diversity in inherently P impoverished forests. These results highlight the necessity of long-term experiments for understanding forest successional dynamics and implications for restoration practices.
Matthew I. Daws; Sheree J. Walters; Richard J. Harris; Mark Tibbett; Andrew H. Grigg; Tim K. Morald; Richard J. Hobbs; Rachel J. Standish. Nutrient enrichment diminishes plant diversity and density, and alters long-term ecological trajectories, in a biodiverse forest restoration. Ecological Engineering 2021, 165, 106222 .
AMA StyleMatthew I. Daws, Sheree J. Walters, Richard J. Harris, Mark Tibbett, Andrew H. Grigg, Tim K. Morald, Richard J. Hobbs, Rachel J. Standish. Nutrient enrichment diminishes plant diversity and density, and alters long-term ecological trajectories, in a biodiverse forest restoration. Ecological Engineering. 2021; 165 ():106222.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatthew I. Daws; Sheree J. Walters; Richard J. Harris; Mark Tibbett; Andrew H. Grigg; Tim K. Morald; Richard J. Hobbs; Rachel J. Standish. 2021. "Nutrient enrichment diminishes plant diversity and density, and alters long-term ecological trajectories, in a biodiverse forest restoration." Ecological Engineering 165, no. : 106222.
Essential and non-essential trace metals are capable of causing toxicity to organisms above a threshold concentration. Extensive research has assessed the behaviour of trace metals in biological and ecological systems, but has typically focused on single organisms within a trophic level and not on multi-trophic transfer through terrestrial food chains. This reinforces the notion of metal toxicity as a closed system, failing to consider one trophic level as a pollution source to another; therefore, obscuring the full extent of ecosystem effects. Given the relatively few studies on trophic transfer of metals, this review has taken a compartment-based approach, where transfer of metals through trophic pathways is considered as a series of linked compartments (soil-plant-arthropod herbivore-arthropod predator). In particular, we consider the mechanisms by which trace metals are taken up by organisms, the forms and transformations that can occur within the organism and the consequences for trace metal availability to the next trophic level. The review focuses on four of the most prevalent metal cations in soil which are labile in terrestrial food chains: Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni. Current knowledge of the processes and mechanisms by which these metals are transformed and moved within and between trophic levels in the soil-plant-arthropod system are evaluated. We demonstrate that the key factors controlling the transfer of trace metals through the soil-plant-arthropod system are the form and location in which the metal occurs in the lower trophic level and the physiological mechanisms of each organism in regulating uptake, transformation, detoxification and transfer. The magnitude of transfer varies considerably depending on the trace metal concerned, as does its toxicity, and we conclude that biomagnification is not a general property of plant-arthropod and arthropod-arthropod systems. To deliver a more holistic assessment of ecosystem toxicity, integrated studies across ecosystem compartments are needed to identify critical pathways that can result in secondary toxicity across terrestrial food-chains.
Mark Tibbett; Iain Green; Andrew Rate; Vinícius H. De Oliveira; Jeanette Whitaker. The transfer of trace metals in the soil-plant-arthropod system. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 779, 146260 .
AMA StyleMark Tibbett, Iain Green, Andrew Rate, Vinícius H. De Oliveira, Jeanette Whitaker. The transfer of trace metals in the soil-plant-arthropod system. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 779 ():146260.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMark Tibbett; Iain Green; Andrew Rate; Vinícius H. De Oliveira; Jeanette Whitaker. 2021. "The transfer of trace metals in the soil-plant-arthropod system." Science of The Total Environment 779, no. : 146260.
Purpose To build a more holistic understanding of soil pH change we assessed the synchronised effects of a contrived soil pH change on soil chemistry, vegetation growth and nutrition, and soil faunal abundance and diversity. Methods We established a fifteen year old field experiment with a contrived pH gradient (pH 4.3 to 6.3) and measured the effect on soil chemistry, plant biomass and elemental composition and the impact of these changes on soil fauna (earthworms, nematodes, rotifers and tardigrades) and biological indices (based on ecological group structures of earthworms and nematodes). A single 20 × 20 × 20 cm soil block was excavated from each sample site to directly attribute biotic parameters in the block to the abiotic (soil) conditions. Results Acidification affected the extractable concentrations of Al, Ca, Mn and P and the C:N ratio of the soil and caused a reduction in plant Ca (rs for pH vs Ca = 0.804 p < 0.01), an increase in plant Mn (rs = −0.450 p = 0.019), along with significant decrease in root:shoot ratio (rs = 0.638, p < 0.01). There was a significant positive correlation between pH and earthworm index (rs = 0.606, p < 0.01), and a negative correlation between pH and nematode index (rs = −0.515, p < 0.01). Conclusion Soil pH influenced the mobility of Ca, Al, Mn and P, which in turn has impacted on plant tissue chemistry and plant biomass ratios. Linked changes in soil chemistry and vegetation had a corresponding effect on the abundance and diversity of nematodes and earthworms in the soil blocks.
Sarah Duddigan; Tandra Fraser; Iain Green; Anita Diaz; Tom Sizmur; Mark Tibbett. Plant, soil and faunal responses to a contrived pH gradient. Plant and Soil 2021, 462, 505 -524.
AMA StyleSarah Duddigan, Tandra Fraser, Iain Green, Anita Diaz, Tom Sizmur, Mark Tibbett. Plant, soil and faunal responses to a contrived pH gradient. Plant and Soil. 2021; 462 (1-2):505-524.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSarah Duddigan; Tandra Fraser; Iain Green; Anita Diaz; Tom Sizmur; Mark Tibbett. 2021. "Plant, soil and faunal responses to a contrived pH gradient." Plant and Soil 462, no. 1-2: 505-524.
Reversion of agricultural land to heathland and acid grassland is a priority for the conservation of these rare habitats. Restoration processes require interventions to reverse the effects of fertilization and acidity amelioration undertaken during decades of agricultural production. Belowground assessments of restoration success are few, and we have examined the utility of soil indices as a rationalized tool for land managers and restoration practitioners to assess the efficacy of restoration practice. To achieve this, we assessed a large number of variables, many of which might be near redundant, that could be optimized for such indices. We used a 14-year field experiment contrasting acidified pasture (treated with elemental sulphur), control (untreated) pasture, and adjacent native heathland and acid grassland sites. Based on biotic and abiotic parameters, several ‘heathland restoration indices’ (resembling soil quality indices) were generated using a minimum dataset identified through principal component analysis and a linear scoring system. For comparison we also conducted alternative analyses of all parameters, using nonmetric multidimensional scaling plots and analyses of similarity (ANOSIM). Use of heathland restoration indices showed that elemental sulphur application had changed the soil chemical conditions, along with the vegetation assemblage, to be comparable to that of native acid grassland, but not the belowground biology. ANOSIM on full datasets confirmed this finding. An index based on key variables, rather than an analysis of all biotic and abiotic parameters, can be valuable to land managers and stakeholders in acid grassland and heathland restoration.
Sarah Duddigan; Marta Gil-Martínez; Tandra Fraser; Iain Green; Anita Diaz; Tom Sizmur; Mark Pawlett; Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen; Mark Tibbett. Evaluating Heathland Restoration Belowground Using Different Quality Indices of Soil Chemical and Biological Properties. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1140 .
AMA StyleSarah Duddigan, Marta Gil-Martínez, Tandra Fraser, Iain Green, Anita Diaz, Tom Sizmur, Mark Pawlett, Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen, Mark Tibbett. Evaluating Heathland Restoration Belowground Using Different Quality Indices of Soil Chemical and Biological Properties. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (8):1140.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSarah Duddigan; Marta Gil-Martínez; Tandra Fraser; Iain Green; Anita Diaz; Tom Sizmur; Mark Pawlett; Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen; Mark Tibbett. 2020. "Evaluating Heathland Restoration Belowground Using Different Quality Indices of Soil Chemical and Biological Properties." Agronomy 10, no. 8: 1140.
Cadmium (Cd) is an extremely toxic environmental pollutant with high mobility in soils, which can contaminate groundwater, increasing its risk of entering the food chain. Yeast biosorption can be a low-cost and effective method for removing Cd from contaminated aqueous solutions. We transformed wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae (WT) with two versions of a Populus trichocarpa gene (PtMT2b) coding for a metallothionein: one with the original sequence (PtMT2b ‘C’) and the other with a mutated sequence, with an amino acid substitution (C3Y, named here: PtMT2b ‘Y’). WT and both transformed yeasts were grown under Cd stress, in agar (0; 10; 20; 50 μM Cd) and liquid medium (0; 10; 20 μM Cd). Yeast growth was assessed visually and by spectrometry OD600. Cd removal from contaminated media and intracellular accumulation were also quantified. PtMT2b ‘Y’ was also inserted into mutant strains: fet3fet4, zrt1zrt2 and smf1, and grown under Fe-, Zn- and Mn-deficient media, respectively. Yeast strains had similar growth under 0 μM, but differed under 20 μM Cd, the order of tolerance was: WT < PtMT2b ‘C’ < PtMT2b ‘Y’, the latter presenting 37% higher growth than the strain with PtMT2b ‘C’. It also extracted ~80% of the Cd in solution, and had higher intracellular Cd than WT. Mutant yeasts carrying PtMT2b ‘Y’ had slightly higher growth in Mn- and Fe-deficient media than their non-transgenic counterparts, suggesting the transgenic protein may chelate these metals. S. cerevisiae carrying the altered poplar gene offers potential for bioremediation of Cd from wastewaters or other contaminated liquids.
Vinicius Henrique De Oliveira; Ihsan Ullah; Jim M. Dunwell; Mark Tibbett. Bioremediation potential of Cd by transgenic yeast expressing a metallothionein gene from Populus trichocarpa. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2020, 202, 110917 .
AMA StyleVinicius Henrique De Oliveira, Ihsan Ullah, Jim M. Dunwell, Mark Tibbett. Bioremediation potential of Cd by transgenic yeast expressing a metallothionein gene from Populus trichocarpa. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2020; 202 ():110917.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVinicius Henrique De Oliveira; Ihsan Ullah; Jim M. Dunwell; Mark Tibbett. 2020. "Bioremediation potential of Cd by transgenic yeast expressing a metallothionein gene from Populus trichocarpa." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 202, no. : 110917.
Fertiliser application to restore nutrients lost in the mining process and facilitate early plant establishment and growth is a key step in the restoration of sites disturbed by mining. However, few studies have investigated the effects of different fertiliser types and application methods on mine restoration outcomes, especially in highly biodiverse ecosystems such as the jarrah forest. This forest is a unique, floristically diverse landscape with species adapted to growth on a highly weathered phosphorus impoverished Ferralsol. In this study we investigated the effect of fertiliser type (rock phosphate, single superphosphate, and an NPK fertiliser), application method (top-dressed versus incorporated), and the timing of application (winter vs. summer) on the trajectory of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest restoration following bauxite mining compared to an unfertilised control. All fertilised soil had elevated Colwell-P concentrations (bar rock phosphate) and had considerably less N than found in the native forest, even after N fertilisation. Fertiliser incorporation resulted in a more even distribution of P down the soil profile and increased overall plant growth (as assessed by percentage cover) compared with either top-dressed fertiliser application and no fertiliser, potentially offering better erosion control. In contrast, native species richness was highest in the zero fertiliser and NPK treatments and lowest in the phosphorus incorporation treatments. On average, unfertilised plots had 10 more native species per plot than those fertilised with P only. Fertiliser application also reduced the abundance and cover of Bossiaea ornata and Lomandra spp., both of which are small slow-growing understorey taxa. In contrast, the legume Acacia celastrifolia exhibited a vigorous growth response to fertiliser, with growth being greatest when P (either rock phosphate or SSP) was incorporated. These data suggest that P fertiliser incorporation is a potential strategy to both maximise early plant growth and cover and increase the efficiency of P application. However, if the goal of restoration is to maximise diversity then moderation in P application and using fertilisers that also contain N and K may be appropriate.
Mark Tibbett; Matthew Daws; Suman J. George; Megan Ryan. The where, when and what of phosphorus fertilisation for seedling establishment in a biodiverse jarrah forest restoration after bauxite mining in Western Australia. Ecological Engineering 2020, 153, 105907 .
AMA StyleMark Tibbett, Matthew Daws, Suman J. George, Megan Ryan. The where, when and what of phosphorus fertilisation for seedling establishment in a biodiverse jarrah forest restoration after bauxite mining in Western Australia. Ecological Engineering. 2020; 153 ():105907.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMark Tibbett; Matthew Daws; Suman J. George; Megan Ryan. 2020. "The where, when and what of phosphorus fertilisation for seedling establishment in a biodiverse jarrah forest restoration after bauxite mining in Western Australia." Ecological Engineering 153, no. : 105907.
Soil improvement measures need to be ecologically credible, socially acceptable and economically affordable if they are to enter widespread use. However, in real world decision contexts not all measures can sufficiently meet these criteria. As such, developing, selecting and using appropriate tools to support more systematic appraisal of soil improvement measures in different decision-making contexts represents an important challenge. Tools differ in their aims, ranging from those focused on appraising issues of cost-effectiveness, wider ecosystem services impacts and adoption barriers/opportunities, to those seeking to foster participatory engagement and social learning. Despite the growing complexity of the decision-support tool landscape, comprehensive guidance for selecting tools that are best suited to appraise soil improvement measures, as well as those well-adapted to enable participatory deployment, has generally been lacking. We address this gap using the experience and survey data from an EU-funded project (RECARE: Preventing and REmediating degradation of soils in Europe through land CARE). RECARE applied different socio-cultural, biophysical and monetary appraisal tools to assess the costs, benefits and adoption of soil improvement measures across Europe. We focused on these appraisal tools and evaluated their performance against three broad attributes that gauge their differences and suitability for widespread deployment to aid stakeholder decision making in soil management. Data were collected using an online questionnaire administered to RECARE researchers. Although some tools worked better than others across case studies, the information collated was used to provide guiding strategies for choosing appropriate tools, considering resources and data availability, characterisation of uncertainty, and the purpose for which a specific soil improvement measure is being developed or promoted. This paper provides insights to others working in practical soil improvement contexts as to why getting the tools right matters. It demonstrates how use of the right tools can add value to decision-making in ameliorating soil threats, supporting the sustainable management of the services that our soil ecosystems provide.
Uche T. Okpara; Luuk Fleskens; Lindsay C. Stringer; Rudi Hessel; Felicitas Bachmann; Ioannis Daliakopoulos; Kerstin Berglund; Francisco Jose Blanco Velazquez; Nicola Dal Ferro; Jacob Keizer; Silvia Kohnova; Tatenda Lemann; Claire Quinn; Gudrun Schwilch; Grzegorz Siebielec; Kamilla Skaalsveen; Mark Tibbett; Christos Zoumides. Helping stakeholders select and apply appraisal tools to mitigate soil threats: Researchers’ experiences from across Europe. Journal of Environmental Management 2019, 257, 110005 .
AMA StyleUche T. Okpara, Luuk Fleskens, Lindsay C. Stringer, Rudi Hessel, Felicitas Bachmann, Ioannis Daliakopoulos, Kerstin Berglund, Francisco Jose Blanco Velazquez, Nicola Dal Ferro, Jacob Keizer, Silvia Kohnova, Tatenda Lemann, Claire Quinn, Gudrun Schwilch, Grzegorz Siebielec, Kamilla Skaalsveen, Mark Tibbett, Christos Zoumides. Helping stakeholders select and apply appraisal tools to mitigate soil threats: Researchers’ experiences from across Europe. Journal of Environmental Management. 2019; 257 ():110005.
Chicago/Turabian StyleUche T. Okpara; Luuk Fleskens; Lindsay C. Stringer; Rudi Hessel; Felicitas Bachmann; Ioannis Daliakopoulos; Kerstin Berglund; Francisco Jose Blanco Velazquez; Nicola Dal Ferro; Jacob Keizer; Silvia Kohnova; Tatenda Lemann; Claire Quinn; Gudrun Schwilch; Grzegorz Siebielec; Kamilla Skaalsveen; Mark Tibbett; Christos Zoumides. 2019. "Helping stakeholders select and apply appraisal tools to mitigate soil threats: Researchers’ experiences from across Europe." Journal of Environmental Management 257, no. : 110005.
The article entitled “Rethinking soil water repellency and its management”, which is part of the special issue on “Applying microbial communities to improve restoration and conservation outcomes” was...
Katinka X. Ruthrof; Anna J. M. Hopkins; Melissa Danks; Graham O’Hara; Richard Bell; David Henry; Rachel Standish; Mark Tibbett; John Howieson; Treena Burgess; Richard Harper. Correction to: Rethinking soil water repellency and its management. Plant Ecology 2019, 221, 755 -755.
AMA StyleKatinka X. Ruthrof, Anna J. M. Hopkins, Melissa Danks, Graham O’Hara, Richard Bell, David Henry, Rachel Standish, Mark Tibbett, John Howieson, Treena Burgess, Richard Harper. Correction to: Rethinking soil water repellency and its management. Plant Ecology. 2019; 221 (9):755-755.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatinka X. Ruthrof; Anna J. M. Hopkins; Melissa Danks; Graham O’Hara; Richard Bell; David Henry; Rachel Standish; Mark Tibbett; John Howieson; Treena Burgess; Richard Harper. 2019. "Correction to: Rethinking soil water repellency and its management." Plant Ecology 221, no. 9: 755-755.
We investigated how arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis can alter trace element uptake, distribution and toxicity in plants by examining some of the molecular mechanisms behind Populus trichocarpa tolerance to Cd and Zn, and the effects of AMF in metal homeostasis. Plants were grown under Cd and Zn contamination, with and without Rhizophagus irregularis inoculation. We determined organ metal concentrations, the expression of genes involved in trace element homeostasis, and the function of metallothionein PtMT2b by heterologous expression in yeast. P. trichocarpa was highly tolerant to both elements, with AMF increasing Zn accumulation. AMF altered the partitioning of Cd, but maintained the same patterns for Zn, indicating that despite being geochemically similar and carried mostly by the same transporters, the nutrient metal (Zn) is handled differently from the non-essential metal (Cd). High Zn and Cd down-regulated PtHMA4 (roots), and up-regulated PtZIP1 (leaves), suggesting their involvement in transporting both metals in poplar. PtMT2b was highly up-regulated in mycorrhizal roots and enhanced Cd tolerance in transformed yeast. R. irregularis reduced Cd transfer to poplar shoots, but did not affect Zn partitioning. The gene expression patterns observed offer a glimpse into the mechanisms behind trace element uptake/translocation dynamic in poplars, influenced by AMF symbiosis.
Vinicius Henrique De Oliveira; Ihsan Ullah; Jim M. Dunwell; Mark Tibbett. Mycorrhizal symbiosis induces divergent patterns of transport and partitioning of Cd and Zn in Populus trichocarpa. Environmental and Experimental Botany 2019, 171, 103925 .
AMA StyleVinicius Henrique De Oliveira, Ihsan Ullah, Jim M. Dunwell, Mark Tibbett. Mycorrhizal symbiosis induces divergent patterns of transport and partitioning of Cd and Zn in Populus trichocarpa. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2019; 171 ():103925.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVinicius Henrique De Oliveira; Ihsan Ullah; Jim M. Dunwell; Mark Tibbett. 2019. "Mycorrhizal symbiosis induces divergent patterns of transport and partitioning of Cd and Zn in Populus trichocarpa." Environmental and Experimental Botany 171, no. : 103925.
Soil water repellency (SWR) is a widespread challenge to plant establishment and growth. Despite considerable research, it remains a recalcitrant problem for which few alleviation technologies or solutions have been developed. Previous research has focused on SWR as a problem to be overcome; however, it is an inherent feature of many native ecosystems where it contributes to ecosystem functions. Therefore, we propose a shift in the way SWR is perceived in agriculture and in ecological restoration, from a problem to be solved to an opportunity to be harnessed. A new focus on potential ecological benefits of SWR is particularly timely given increasing incidence, frequency and severity of hotter droughts in many regions of the world. Our new way of conceptualising SWR seeks to understand how SWR can be temporarily alleviated at a micro-scale to successfully establish plants, and then harnessed in the longer term and at larger spatial scales to enhance soil water storage to act as a “drought-proofing” tool for plant survival in water-limited soils. For this to occur, we suggest research focusing on the alignment of physico-chemical and microbial properties and dynamics of SWR and, based on this mechanistic understanding, create products and interventions to improve success of plant establishment in agriculture, restoration and conservation contexts. In this paper, we outline the rationale for a new way of conceptualising SWR, and the research priorities needed to fill critical knowledge gaps in order to harness the ecological benefits from managing SWR.
Katinka X. Ruthrof; Anna J. M. Hopkins; Melissa Danks; Graham O’Hara; Richard Bell; David Henry; Rachel Standish; Mark Tibbett; John Howieson; Treena Burgess; Richard Harper. Rethinking soil water repellency and its management. Plant Ecology 2019, 220, 977 -984.
AMA StyleKatinka X. Ruthrof, Anna J. M. Hopkins, Melissa Danks, Graham O’Hara, Richard Bell, David Henry, Rachel Standish, Mark Tibbett, John Howieson, Treena Burgess, Richard Harper. Rethinking soil water repellency and its management. Plant Ecology. 2019; 220 (10):977-984.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatinka X. Ruthrof; Anna J. M. Hopkins; Melissa Danks; Graham O’Hara; Richard Bell; David Henry; Rachel Standish; Mark Tibbett; John Howieson; Treena Burgess; Richard Harper. 2019. "Rethinking soil water repellency and its management." Plant Ecology 220, no. 10: 977-984.
The soil fungal ecology of the southern Gobi region of Mongolia has been little studied. We utilized the ITS1 region from soil DNA to study possible influences soil metal concentrations on soil fungal community variation. In the sample network, a distinctive fungal community was closely associated with high zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and copper (Cu) concentrations. The pattern of occurrence suggests that high metal concentrations are natural and not a product of mining activities. The metal-associated fungal community differs little from the “normal” community in its major OTUs, and in terms of major fungal guilds and taxa, and its distinctiveness depends on a combination of many less common OTUs. The fungal community in the sites with high metal concentrations is no less diverse than that in areas with normal background levels. Overall, these findings raise interesting questions of the evolutionary origin and functional characteristics of this apparently “metal-tolerant” community, and of the associated soil biota in general. It is possible that rehabilitation of metal-contaminated mined soils from spoil heaps could benefit from the incorporation of fungi derived from these areas.
Dorsaf Kerfahi; Matthew Chidozie Ogwu; Dagvatseren Ariunzaya; Altantsetseg Balt; Dulamsuren Davaasuren; Orsoo Enkhmandal; Tsolmonjav Purevsuren; Amgaa Batbaatar; Mark Tibbett; Sainbileg Undrakhbold; Bazartseren Boldgiv; Jonathan M. Adams. Metal-Tolerant Fungal Communities Are Delineated by High Zinc, Lead, and Copper Concentrations in Metalliferous Gobi Desert Soils. Microbial Ecology 2019, 79, 420 -431.
AMA StyleDorsaf Kerfahi, Matthew Chidozie Ogwu, Dagvatseren Ariunzaya, Altantsetseg Balt, Dulamsuren Davaasuren, Orsoo Enkhmandal, Tsolmonjav Purevsuren, Amgaa Batbaatar, Mark Tibbett, Sainbileg Undrakhbold, Bazartseren Boldgiv, Jonathan M. Adams. Metal-Tolerant Fungal Communities Are Delineated by High Zinc, Lead, and Copper Concentrations in Metalliferous Gobi Desert Soils. Microbial Ecology. 2019; 79 (2):420-431.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDorsaf Kerfahi; Matthew Chidozie Ogwu; Dagvatseren Ariunzaya; Altantsetseg Balt; Dulamsuren Davaasuren; Orsoo Enkhmandal; Tsolmonjav Purevsuren; Amgaa Batbaatar; Mark Tibbett; Sainbileg Undrakhbold; Bazartseren Boldgiv; Jonathan M. Adams. 2019. "Metal-Tolerant Fungal Communities Are Delineated by High Zinc, Lead, and Copper Concentrations in Metalliferous Gobi Desert Soils." Microbial Ecology 79, no. 2: 420-431.
In the wider context of heathland restoration, we investigated how field scale experimental acidification with sulphur (sulfur) affected soil biodiversity, fertility and function over a period of 17 years. A field experiment was conducted in the Isle of Purbeck, England, using ferrous sulphate and elemental sulphur as acidifying agents. We tested the effects of acidification on soil fertility, plant communities, litter decomposition, microbiology (including fungi bacteria and actinomycetes), arbuscular and ericoid mycorrhizal colonisation, and soil fauna (including earthworms, nematodes, rotifers and tardigrades). We found that elemental sulphur had a considerable and persistent effect on soil pH, lowering it to levels found in the surrounding reference acid grassland and heathland sites. A newly adapted heathland restoration index based on soil chemistry, found that elemental sulphur was by far the most successful treatment leading to soil conditions similar to the heathlands. Overall, acidification caused a loss of base cations and an increase in toxic aluminium compounds. Consequently the more mesotrophic components of soil biology were reduced by acidification during the course of the experiment. This transformed the soil biological system into one typical of acid grasslands and heathlands. Concomitant litter decomposition was similarly inhibited by acidification, with the microbiota more strongly hindered in acidified soil than the macroscopic fauna. Acidification resulted in a reduction in nematode and rotifer abundance and earthworm biomass. The vegetation community was also strongly modified by the elemental sulphur treatments and, where grazing was restricted, soil acidification allowed a restored heathland community to endure. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation of grasses was reduced where heather plants were established, while ericoid mycorrhizas had developed sufficient populations in the acidified pastures to match the colonisation rate in the native heathlands.
Mark Tibbett; Marta Gil-Martínez; Tandra Fraser; Iain Green; Sarah Duddigan; Vinicius Henrique De Oliveira; Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen; Tom Sizmur; Anita Diaz. Long-term acidification of pH neutral grasslands affects soil biodiversity, fertility and function in a heathland restoration. CATENA 2019, 180, 401 -415.
AMA StyleMark Tibbett, Marta Gil-Martínez, Tandra Fraser, Iain Green, Sarah Duddigan, Vinicius Henrique De Oliveira, Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen, Tom Sizmur, Anita Diaz. Long-term acidification of pH neutral grasslands affects soil biodiversity, fertility and function in a heathland restoration. CATENA. 2019; 180 ():401-415.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMark Tibbett; Marta Gil-Martínez; Tandra Fraser; Iain Green; Sarah Duddigan; Vinicius Henrique De Oliveira; Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen; Tom Sizmur; Anita Diaz. 2019. "Long-term acidification of pH neutral grasslands affects soil biodiversity, fertility and function in a heathland restoration." CATENA 180, no. : 401-415.
Restoring nutrients lost in the mining process and re-establishing nutrient-cycling are often key goals of mine restoration. One common strategy to facilitate these goals is to seed fast-growing legumes combined with one application of P-fertiliser to maximise legume growth and increase soil-N. However, the longer term effects of this strategy have received little attention. Here we report the results of a 15-year-old experiment that was established to test the effects of fertiliser-P application and seeding large understorey legumes, both singly and in combination, on jarrah forest restoration after bauxite mining. Fifteen years after the establishment of this experiment, the majority of the seeded legumes had senesced, with total legume cover having declined significantly compared with results of the same experiment at 5-years-of-age. Yet, despite the legumes having senesced there were still negative effects of both large legumes and P-fertiliser on species richness and abundance of non-leguminous understorey species. These negative effects may be mediated by the persistent effects of legume competition that was evident at 5 years and the accumulation of significant quantities of leaf litter and fine woody debris in the large legume × P-addition treatments. Compared with the 0 kg P ha−1 treatment, application of 20 kg P ha−1 significantly increased jarrah tree growth, but there was no additional benefit of 80 kg P ha−1. These data suggest that moderation of P-fertiliser and large understorey legumes could maximise understorey cover, tree growth and understorey species richness, and therefore simultaneously address multiple key restoration goals.
Matthew Daws; Andrew H. Grigg; Mark Tibbett; Rachel J. Standish. Enduring effects of large legumes and phosphorus fertiliser on jarrah forest restoration 15 years after bauxite mining. Forest Ecology and Management 2019, 438, 204 -214.
AMA StyleMatthew Daws, Andrew H. Grigg, Mark Tibbett, Rachel J. Standish. Enduring effects of large legumes and phosphorus fertiliser on jarrah forest restoration 15 years after bauxite mining. Forest Ecology and Management. 2019; 438 ():204-214.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatthew Daws; Andrew H. Grigg; Mark Tibbett; Rachel J. Standish. 2019. "Enduring effects of large legumes and phosphorus fertiliser on jarrah forest restoration 15 years after bauxite mining." Forest Ecology and Management 438, no. : 204-214.
Many Australian native plants from regions with ancient, highly weathered soils have specialised adaptations for acquiring phosphorus (P) and can exhibit negative effects of excess P supply on growth and survival. Despite this, fertiliser (including P) is routinely applied in post-mining and other restoration schemes. In this study we investigated the effect of a range of applied P on the growth and tissue P concentrations for six woody species from the Great Western Woodlands (GWW) of Western Australia – a region that it not only biodiverse, but that has experienced significant levels of mining related activities. Our data from a pot-based experiment show that all six species exhibited greater growth with increased P application up to 15 mg kg sand–1. However, at P concentrations in excess of 15 mg kg–1, dry mass accumulation did not increase further for three of the species tested. For the other three species, dry mass accumulation declined as the P concentration increased above 15 mg kg–1. For all of the study species, root and shoot P concentrations increased as the concentration of applied P increased. The internal shoot P concentration, at which dry matter accumulation either plateaued or started to decline, was in the range 1.95 to 3.2 mg P g–1 dry matter. This was ~2–4 times the concentration found in natural vegetation. These data suggest that in a restoration context, there is a potential risk that, excess P application may decrease plant growth rates for some species. Consequently, the addition of fertiliser to restored sites may have unpredictable impacts on the plant community by directly reducing the growth of some species but increasing the growth of others. We suggest that careful consideration should be given to designing appropriate fertiliser regimes for land restoration schemes in ancient P deplete landscapes to avoid the risk that fertiliser addition has the unwanted outcome of decreasing growth and survival of the target native species and increasing the abundance of unwanted weeds or aggressive pioneer species.
Andrea Williams; Suman George; Henry Birt; Matthew Daws; Mark Tibbett. Sensitivity of seedling growth to phosphorus supply in six tree species of the Australian Great Western Woodlands. Australian Journal of Botany 2019, 67, 390 .
AMA StyleAndrea Williams, Suman George, Henry Birt, Matthew Daws, Mark Tibbett. Sensitivity of seedling growth to phosphorus supply in six tree species of the Australian Great Western Woodlands. Australian Journal of Botany. 2019; 67 (5):390.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea Williams; Suman George; Henry Birt; Matthew Daws; Mark Tibbett. 2019. "Sensitivity of seedling growth to phosphorus supply in six tree species of the Australian Great Western Woodlands." Australian Journal of Botany 67, no. 5: 390.
Root-fungal symbioses such as mycorrhizas and endophytes are key components of terrestrial ecosystems. Diverse in trophy habits (obligate, facultative or hemi-biotrophs) and symbiotic relations (from mutualism to parasitism), these associations also show great variability in their root colonization and nutritional strategies. Specialized interface structures such as arbuscules and Hartig nets are formed by certain associations while others are restricted to non-specialized intercellular or intracellular hyphae in roots. In either case, there are documented examples of active nutrient exchange, reinforcing the fact that specialized structures used to define specific mycorrhizal associations are not essential for reciprocal exchange of nutrients and plant growth promotion. In feremycorrhiza (with Austroboletus occidentalis and eucalypts), the fungal partner markedly enhances plant growth and nutrient acquisition without colonizing roots, emphasizing that a conventional focus on structural form of associations may have resulted in important functional components of rhizospheres being overlooked. In support of this viewpoint, mycobiome studies using the state-of-the-art DNA sequencing technologies have unearthed much more complexity in root-fungal relationships than those discovered using the traditional morphology-based approaches. In this review, we explore the existing literature and most recent findings surrounding structure, functioning, and ecology of root-fungal symbiosis, which highlight the fact that plant fitness can be altered by taxonomically/ecologically diverse fungal symbionts regardless of root colonization and interface specialization. Furthermore, transition from saprotrophy to biotrophy seems to be a common event that occurs in diverse fungal lineages (consisting of root endophytes, soil saprotrophs, wood decayers etc.), and which may be accompanied by development of specialized interface structures and/or mycorrhiza-like effects on plant growth and nutrition.
Khalil Kariman; Susan Jane Barker; Mark Tibbett. Structural plasticity in root-fungal symbioses: diverse interactions lead to improved plant fitness. PeerJ 2018, 6, e6030 .
AMA StyleKhalil Kariman, Susan Jane Barker, Mark Tibbett. Structural plasticity in root-fungal symbioses: diverse interactions lead to improved plant fitness. PeerJ. 2018; 6 ():e6030.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhalil Kariman; Susan Jane Barker; Mark Tibbett. 2018. "Structural plasticity in root-fungal symbioses: diverse interactions lead to improved plant fitness." PeerJ 6, no. : e6030.
Only a few studies have quantified and measured ecosystem services (ES) specifically related to soil. To address this gap, we have developed and applied a methodology to assess changes in ecosystem services, based on measured or estimated soil property changes that were stimulated by soil management measures (e.g., mulching, terracing, no-till). We applied the ES assessment methodology in 16 case study sites across Europe representing a high diversity of soil threats and land use systems. Various prevention and remediation measures were trialled, and the changes in manageable soil and other natural capital properties were measured and quantified. An Excel tool facilitated data collection, calculation of changes in ecosystem services, and visualization of measured short-term changes and estimated long-term changes at plot level and for the wider area. With this methodology, we were able to successfully collect and compare data on the impact of land management on 15 different ecosystem services from 26 different measures. Overall, the results are positive in terms of the impacts of the trialled measures on ecosystem services, with 18 out of 26 measures having no decrease in any service at the plot level. Although methodological challenges remain, the ES assessment was shown to be a comprehensive evaluation of the impacts of the trialled measures, and also served as an input to a stakeholder valuation of ecosystem services at local and sub-national levels.
Gudrun Schwilch; Tatenda Lemann; Örjan Berglund; Carlo Camarotto; Artemi Cerdà; Ioannis Daliakopoulos; Silvia Kohnová; Dominika Krzeminska; Teodoro Marañón; René Rietra; Grzegorz Siebielec; Johann Thorsson; Mark Tibbett; Sandra Valente; Hedwig Van Delden; Jan Van Den Akker; Simone Verzandvoort; Nicoleta Vrînceanu; Christos Zoumides; Rudi Hessel. Assessing Impacts of Soil Management Measures on Ecosystem Services. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4416 .
AMA StyleGudrun Schwilch, Tatenda Lemann, Örjan Berglund, Carlo Camarotto, Artemi Cerdà, Ioannis Daliakopoulos, Silvia Kohnová, Dominika Krzeminska, Teodoro Marañón, René Rietra, Grzegorz Siebielec, Johann Thorsson, Mark Tibbett, Sandra Valente, Hedwig Van Delden, Jan Van Den Akker, Simone Verzandvoort, Nicoleta Vrînceanu, Christos Zoumides, Rudi Hessel. Assessing Impacts of Soil Management Measures on Ecosystem Services. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (12):4416.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGudrun Schwilch; Tatenda Lemann; Örjan Berglund; Carlo Camarotto; Artemi Cerdà; Ioannis Daliakopoulos; Silvia Kohnová; Dominika Krzeminska; Teodoro Marañón; René Rietra; Grzegorz Siebielec; Johann Thorsson; Mark Tibbett; Sandra Valente; Hedwig Van Delden; Jan Van Den Akker; Simone Verzandvoort; Nicoleta Vrînceanu; Christos Zoumides; Rudi Hessel. 2018. "Assessing Impacts of Soil Management Measures on Ecosystem Services." Sustainability 10, no. 12: 4416.
There is an increasing consensus that microbial communities have an important role in mediating ecosystem processes. Trait-based ecology predicts that the impact of the microbial communities on ecosystem functions will be mediated by the expression of their traits at community level. The link between the response of microbial community traits to environmental conditions and its effect on plant functioning is a gap in most current microbial ecology studies. In this study, we analyzed functional traits of ectomycorrhizal fungal species in order to understand the importance of their community assembly for the soil–plant relationships in holm oak trees (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota) growing in a gradient of exposure to anthropogenic trace element (TE) contamination after a metalliferous tailings spill. Particularly, we addressed how the ectomycorrhizal composition and morphological traits at community level mediate plant response to TE contamination and its capacity for phytoremediation. Ectomycorrhizal fungal taxonomy and functional diversity explained a high proportion of variance of tree functional traits, both in roots and leaves. Trees where ectomycorrhizal fungal communities were dominated by the abundant taxa Hebeloma cavipes and Thelephora terrestris showed a conservative root economics spectrum, while trees colonized by rare taxa presented a resource acquisition strategy. Conservative roots presented ectomycorrhizal functional traits characterized by high rhizomorphs formation and low melanization which may be driven by resource limitation. Soil-to-root transfer of TEs was explained substantially by the ectomycorrhizal fungal species composition, with the highest transfer found in trees whose roots were colonized by Hebeloma cavipes. Leaf phosphorus was related to ectomycorrhizal species composition, specifically higher leaf phosphorus was related to the root colonization by Thelephora terrestris. These findings support that ectomycorrhizal fungal community composition and their functional traits mediate plant performance in metal-contaminated soils, and have a high influence on plant capacity for phytoremediation of contaminants. The study also corroborates the overall effects of ectomycorrhizal fungi on ecosystem functioning through their mediation over the plant economics spectrum.
Marta Gil-Martínez; Álvaro López-García; Maria T. Dominguez; Carmen M. Navarro-Fernández; Rasmus Kjøller; Mark Tibbett; Teodoro Marañón. Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Communities and Their Functional Traits Mediate Plant–Soil Interactions in Trace Element Contaminated Soils. Frontiers in Plant Science 2018, 9, 1 .
AMA StyleMarta Gil-Martínez, Álvaro López-García, Maria T. Dominguez, Carmen M. Navarro-Fernández, Rasmus Kjøller, Mark Tibbett, Teodoro Marañón. Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Communities and Their Functional Traits Mediate Plant–Soil Interactions in Trace Element Contaminated Soils. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2018; 9 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarta Gil-Martínez; Álvaro López-García; Maria T. Dominguez; Carmen M. Navarro-Fernández; Rasmus Kjøller; Mark Tibbett; Teodoro Marañón. 2018. "Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Communities and Their Functional Traits Mediate Plant–Soil Interactions in Trace Element Contaminated Soils." Frontiers in Plant Science 9, no. : 1.
Soils derived from ultramafic bedrock are known for hosting distinct vegetation types as a consequence of atypical soil chemistries consisting of high trace elements concentrations (Ni, Cr, Co) and exchangeable cation imbalances (high Mg:Ca quotients). Ecological studies use a range of single-stage extraction methods for chemical characterization of such soils in order to be able to interpret plant response, and ultimately to explain plant community composition. Few studies to date have compared different soil extraction methods in relation to tropical ultramafic soils. This study compares eight commonly used extraction methods on a large number of ultramafic soil samples collected from Kinabalu Park (Malaysia). The tested methods were: for trace elements: NH4AC, DTPA, CaCl2, Sr(NO3)2 and Mehlich-3, for exchangeable cations: NH4Ac and silverthiorea, and for plant-available phosphorus: Mehlich-3 and Olsen-P. These single-stage extraction methods were compared and evaluated for predictive power for chemically characterizing soils, interrelatedness and ecological application. The methods were also contrasted with a sequential extraction scheme. Finally, several operational parameters including molar ratio (0.01 and 0.1 M CaCl2, Sr(NO3)2) and pH buffering (DTPA-TEA) were also evaluated. The majority of single-stage extraction methods are highly inter-correlated and predictive power could be improved by including independent soil parameters (pH, CEC, pseudo-total element concentration) in the multivariate regression equation. Ecological interpretation remains difficult because of lack of experimental studies in relation to plant uptake response and potential phytotoxicity effects on tropical native plants from ultramafic soils.
Antony van der Ent; Philip Nti Nkrumah; Mark Tibbett; Guillaume Echevarria. Evaluating soil extraction methods for chemical characterization of ultramafic soils in Kinabalu Park (Malaysia). Journal of Geochemical Exploration 2018, 196, 235 -246.
AMA StyleAntony van der Ent, Philip Nti Nkrumah, Mark Tibbett, Guillaume Echevarria. Evaluating soil extraction methods for chemical characterization of ultramafic soils in Kinabalu Park (Malaysia). Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 2018; 196 ():235-246.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntony van der Ent; Philip Nti Nkrumah; Mark Tibbett; Guillaume Echevarria. 2018. "Evaluating soil extraction methods for chemical characterization of ultramafic soils in Kinabalu Park (Malaysia)." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 196, no. : 235-246.
The majority of terrestrial plants form mutualistic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rhizobia (i.e., nitrogen‐fixing bacteria). Understanding these associations has important implications for ecological theory and for restoration practice. Here, we tested whether the presence of AMF and rhizobia influences the performance of native woody plants invaded by a non‐native grass in experimental microcosms. We planted eight plant species (i.e., Acacia acuminata, A. microbotrya, Eucalyptus loxophleba subsp. loxophleba, E. astringens, Calothamnus quadrifidus, Callistemon phoeniceus, Hakea lissocarpha and H. prostrata) in microcosms of field‐conditioned soil with and without addition of AMF and rhizobia in a fully factorial experimental design. After seedling establishment, we seeded half the microcosms with an invasive grass Bromus diandrus. We measured shoot and root biomass of native plants and Bromus, and on roots, the percentage colonization by AMF, number of rhizobia‐forming nodules and number of proteaceous root clusters. We found no effect of plant root symbionts or Bromus addition on performance of myrtaceous, and as predicted, proteaceous species as they rely little or not at all on AMF and rhizobia. Soil treatments with AMF and rhizobia had a strong positive effect (i.e., larger biomass) on native legumes (A. microbotrya and A. acuminata). However, the beneficial effect of root symbionts on legumes became negative (i.e., lower biomass and less nodules) if Bromus was present, especially for one legume, i.e., A. acuminata, suggesting a disruptive effect of the invader on the mutualism. We also found a stimulating effect of Bromus on root nodule production in A. microbotrya and AMF colonization in A. acuminata which could be indicative of legumes’ increased resource acquisition requirement, i.e., for nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, in response to the Bromus addition. We have demonstrated the importance of measuring belowground effects because the aboveground effects gave limited indication of the effects occurring belowground.
Christina Birnbaum; Tim K. Morald; Mark Tibbett; Richard Bennett; Rachel J. Standish. Effect of plant root symbionts on performance of native woody species in competition with an invasive grass in multispecies microcosms. Ecology and Evolution 2018, 8, 8652 -8664.
AMA StyleChristina Birnbaum, Tim K. Morald, Mark Tibbett, Richard Bennett, Rachel J. Standish. Effect of plant root symbionts on performance of native woody species in competition with an invasive grass in multispecies microcosms. Ecology and Evolution. 2018; 8 (17):8652-8664.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristina Birnbaum; Tim K. Morald; Mark Tibbett; Richard Bennett; Rachel J. Standish. 2018. "Effect of plant root symbionts on performance of native woody species in competition with an invasive grass in multispecies microcosms." Ecology and Evolution 8, no. 17: 8652-8664.