The Andes is the most biodiverse region across the globe. In addition, some of the largest urban areas in South America are located within this region. Therefore, ecosystems and human population are affected by hydroclimate changes reported at global, regional and local scales. This paper summarizes progress of knowledge about long-term trends observed during the last two millennia over the entire Andes, with more detail for the period since the second half of the 20th century, and presents a synthesis of climate change projections by the end of the 21st century. In particular, this paper focuses on temperature, precipitation and surface runoff in the Andes. Changes in the Andean cryosphere are not included here since this particular topic is discussed in other paper in this Frontiers special issue, and elsewhere (e.g. IPCC, 2019b). While previous works have reviewed the hydroclimate of South America and particular sectors (i.e., Amazon and La Plata basins, the Altiplano, Northern South America, etc.) this review includes for the first time the entire Andes region, considering all latitudinal ranges: tropical (North of 27°S), subtropical (27°S−37°S) and extratropical (South of 37°S). This paper provides a comprehensive view of past and recent changes, as well as available climate change projections, over the entire Andean range. From this review, the main knowledge gaps are highlighted and urgent research necessities in order to provide more mechanistic understanding of hydroclimate changes in the Andes and more confident projections of its possible changes in association with global climate change.
Global gridded data sets of observed extremes indices underpin assessments of changes in climate extremes. However, similar efforts to enable the assessment of indices relevant to different sectors of society have been missing. Here we present a data set of sector‐specific indices, based on daily station data, that extends the HadEX3 data set of climate extremes indices. These additional indices, which can be used singly or in combinations, have been recommended by the World Meteorological Organization and are intended to empower decision makers in different sectors with accurate historical information about how sector‐relevant measures of the climate are changing, especially in regions where in situ daily temperature and rainfall data are hard to come by. The annual and/or monthly indices have been interpolated on to a 1.875° × 1.25° longitude‐latitude grid for 1901–2018. We show changes in globally‐averaged time series of these indices in comparison with reanalysis products. Changes in temperature‐based indices are consistent with global scale warming, with days with Tmax > 30°C (TXge30) increasing virtually everywhere with potential impacts on crop fertility. At the other end of the scale, the number of days with Tmin < −2°C (TNltm2) are reducing, decreasing potential damage from frosts. Changes in heat wave characteristics show increases in the number, duration and intensity of these extreme events in most places. The gridded netCDF files and, where possible, the underlying station indices are available from https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadex3 and https://www.climdex.org.
1 August 2019 in Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
En la región, bajo condiciones de El Niño, se registran volúmenes deprecipitación (VP) subnormales; y con La Niña, hay lluvias superiores a la normal. Se encontró que el ajonjolí y el plátano aumentan rendimientos si se presentan VP por encima de lo normal (generalmente bajo La Niña) durante el veranillo y en las dos estaciones de lluvias. Los VP por encima de lo normal en la estación seca inciden positivamente en los rendimientos de la yuca. El maízincrementa sus rendimientos si en el veranillo se registran VP por encima de lo normal, y los reduce si se registran en la segunda temporada lluviosa. El fríjol disminuye rendimientos si los VP en la 1.ª y 2.ª estación lluviosa están por encima de lo normal, y aumentalos rendimientos si estos lo están en el veranillo. Para el algodón los VP por encima de lo normal en la 2.ª estación lluviosa disminuyen los rendimientos. El sorgo no presentó respuesta notoria a lasanomalías en la precipitación.
15 June 2015 in Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales