Aims: To review maternal and foetal outcomes in women with mechanical heart valves (MHVs) treated with vitamin-K antagonists (VKAs), first-trimester heparin followed by VKAs (sequential treatment), low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and unfractionated heparin (UFH) during pregnancy, in order to inform practice. Methods and results: Medline, Embase and Central were searched from inception until February 2016. Two reviewers independently screened 1786 titles, reviewed 110 full-texts and extracted data and assessed risk-of-bias from 46 articles. Pooled incidence (95% confidence intervals) was calculated for maternal and foetal outcomes. Included studies had a moderate or high risk-of-bias. With VKAs, sequential treatment and LMWH, maternal mortality occurred in 0.9% (0.4–1.4), 2.0% (0.8–3.1) and 2.9% (0.2–5.7), thromboembolic complications in 2.7% (1.4–4.0), 5.8% (3.8–7.7) and 8.7% (3.9–13.4), livebirths in 64.5% (48.8–80.2), 79.9% (74.3–85.6) and 92.0% (86.1–98.0) and anticoagulant-related foetal/neonatal adverse events (embryopathy or foetopathy) in 2.0% (0.3–3.7), 1.4% (0.3–2.5) and 0%, respectively. When UFH is used throughout pregnancy, 11.2% (2.8–19.6) suffered thromboembolic complications. Foetal loss and adverse events occurred with first-trimester warfarin doses ≤ 5 mg/day, although there were more livebirths [83.6% (75.8–91.4) vs. 43.9% (32.8–55.0)] and fewer foetal anomalies [2.3% (0.7–4.0) vs. 12.4% (3.3–21.6)] with lower doses than with warfarin > 5 mg/day. Conclusions: VKAs are associated with fewest maternal complications but also with fewest livebirths. Sequential treatment does not eliminate anticoagulant-related foetal/neonatal adverse events. LMWH is associated with the highest number of livebirths. The safety of UFH throughout pregnancy and first-trimester warfarin ≤ 5 mg/day remains unconfirmed.

Key Points: Prophylactic transfusion in pregnant women with SCD may reduce maternal mortality, vaso-occlusive pain events, and pulmonary complications. Prophylactic transfusion in pregnant women with SCD may similarly reduce perinatal mortality, neonatal death, and preterm birth.