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Holger Preuss is Professor of Sport Economics and Sport Sociology at the Johannes Gutenberg-University in Mainz, Germany. He is also adjunct professor at the University of Ottawa, Canada and international scholar at the State University of New York (Cortland). He was editor of the Journal “European Sport Management Quarterly” (2012-2014), one of the world leading journals in sport management. He also is associate Editor of the “Journal of Sport & Tourism”. He has published 16 books and more than 125 articles in international journals and books. During the past decade he has been invited to hold more than 140 presentations all over the world. His field of research is directed at economic and socio-economic aspects of sport. In particular he looks into the socio-economic impact analysis of mega-sport events such as Olympic Games, since 1972 and the FIFA Football World Cup, since 2006. Holger finished his research about “cost overruns at Olympic Games” in 2019 and is constantly developing the framework and measurement of legacy of mega events. He is researching in the field of sport governance of international sport federations. He and his team teach in programs such as mesgo (Master in Sport Governance) and maisi (Master in Sport Ethics and Integrity) regarding the management of ethical issues in sport. Holger is member of the IOC legacy and sustainability commission, of the UIPM future commission and of the WFDF ethics commission.
This study perceives professional European football as one of the most relevant event-related entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) worldwide. It also identifies a healthy sporting competition in the five most popular European football leagues (Spain, England, Germany, Italy, and France), the “big five,” as a key pillar for the functioning of this ecosystem. By applying a quantitative approach, competitive intensity (CI) is measured for all big five leagues for 21 seasons (1998/99 to 2018/19). The chosen method does not only convey an overall indication of the competitive health of the entire league but also provides detailed information on the four important sub-competitions (championship race, qualification for Champions League or Europa League, and the fight against relegation). In all five leagues, seasonal CI tends to decrease over time, and especially over the last decade. The main reason is a decline in the intensity of the championship race while all other sub-competitions show relatively robust CI values. Overall, it can be concluded that the competitive health of the big five is intact, but the dwindling CI of the championship races can harm the EE of professional European football in the long run. Accordingly, it should be closely monitored in the future.
Fabio Wagner; Holger Preuss; Thomas Könecke. A Central Element of Europe’s Football Ecosystem: Competitive Intensity in the “Big Five”. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3097 .
AMA StyleFabio Wagner, Holger Preuss, Thomas Könecke. A Central Element of Europe’s Football Ecosystem: Competitive Intensity in the “Big Five”. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3097.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFabio Wagner; Holger Preuss; Thomas Könecke. 2021. "A Central Element of Europe’s Football Ecosystem: Competitive Intensity in the “Big Five”." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3097.
There is no doubt that the topic of legacy of sport events is becoming one of the critical issues in professional sports worldwide. Taxpayers’ money is used to support the staging of events and therefore citizens want a benefit in return. Many legacies though are intangible and therefore not easy to measure. As economic profits are difficult to obtain, ecological footprints are given due to needed travelling and social benefits are not easy to measure. Overall, the Olympic Games do not visibly and obviously change the host city towards sustainability and long-lasting positive developments. The articles reveal the breadth of topics that are located within the scope of legacy. The research areas touch on legacies that are under researched and for which there is scant legacy information in the literature, i.e., the legacy of Olympic Winter Games, Youth Olympic Winter Games, unsuccessful Olympic bid cities and non-host Olympic cities.
Holger Preuss; Seok-Pyo Hong. Olympic Legacy: Status of Research. Journal of Global Sport Management 2021, 1 -7.
AMA StyleHolger Preuss, Seok-Pyo Hong. Olympic Legacy: Status of Research. Journal of Global Sport Management. 2021; ():1-7.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHolger Preuss; Seok-Pyo Hong. 2021. "Olympic Legacy: Status of Research." Journal of Global Sport Management , no. : 1-7.
In the past decade, well-planned bids for hosting Olympic Games failed due to a sudden lack of a support by the population. Therefore, we study both the determinants of people’s willingness to pay (WTP) to host the 2018 Winter Olympic Games in Munich and the changes of respondents’ attitudes and WTP over time. The results from three surveys in 2009, 2010 and 2011 demonstrate that both the perception of the public benefit of the Olympic Games and the general interest in sport have a positive influence on WTP. Moreover, attitudes vary over time, indicating that external factors influence the population’s evaluations of, and appreciation for, hosting of Olympic Games (e.g. media reports). In contrast to running one referendum among the population to find out whether they want Olympic Games or not, politicians in democracies therefore are advised to run several surveys to level off exogenous influences.
Holger Preuss; Jörg Königstorfer; Till Dannewald. Contingent Valuation Measurement for Staging the Olympic Games: The Failed Bid to Host the 2018 Winter Games in Munich. Perspektiven des Dienstleistungsmanagements 2020, 461 -478.
AMA StyleHolger Preuss, Jörg Königstorfer, Till Dannewald. Contingent Valuation Measurement for Staging the Olympic Games: The Failed Bid to Host the 2018 Winter Games in Munich. Perspektiven des Dienstleistungsmanagements. 2020; ():461-478.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHolger Preuss; Jörg Königstorfer; Till Dannewald. 2020. "Contingent Valuation Measurement for Staging the Olympic Games: The Failed Bid to Host the 2018 Winter Games in Munich." Perspektiven des Dienstleistungsmanagements , no. : 461-478.
The aim of this article is to explore Olympic-led sport policy changes (as part of Olympic legacy) for China triggered by the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2022 Winter Olympic Games. Although there has been a burgeoning of research interest in analysing Olympic-triggered changes and legacies, with focus on various areas such as economic, sociocultural, and environmental issues, little is known about the changes that the hosting of the Olympics Games stimulates in a host nation’s sport policy. Drawing from policy document analysis, the paper reveals that the two Olympic Games collectively helped to expand the role and value of sport in China and to elevate the status of mass sport. In terms of policy, China’s two bidding experiences led to a streamlining of policy making and legacy planning processes for sporting mega events. The paper ends with a discussion of the implications associated with strategic policy planning for future Olympics hosts.
Shushu Chen; Holger Preuss; Xiaoqian (Richard) Hu; Jamie Kenyon; Xiao Liang. Sport Policy Development in China: Legacies of Beijing’s 2008 Summer Olympic Games and 2022 Winter Olympic Games. Journal of Global Sport Management 2019, 1 -30.
AMA StyleShushu Chen, Holger Preuss, Xiaoqian (Richard) Hu, Jamie Kenyon, Xiao Liang. Sport Policy Development in China: Legacies of Beijing’s 2008 Summer Olympic Games and 2022 Winter Olympic Games. Journal of Global Sport Management. 2019; ():1-30.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShushu Chen; Holger Preuss; Xiaoqian (Richard) Hu; Jamie Kenyon; Xiao Liang. 2019. "Sport Policy Development in China: Legacies of Beijing’s 2008 Summer Olympic Games and 2022 Winter Olympic Games." Journal of Global Sport Management , no. : 1-30.
In many countries the interest in the Olympic Games seems to have changed. The media raises the question whether cities will compete to host the Olympic Games in the future (Bull 2016). It is evident that some applicant cities have withdrawn their bids for different reasons.
Holger Preuss; Wladimir Andreff; Maike Weitzmann. Introduction. Cost and Revenue Overruns of the Olympic Games 2000–2018 2018, 1 -5.
AMA StyleHolger Preuss, Wladimir Andreff, Maike Weitzmann. Introduction. Cost and Revenue Overruns of the Olympic Games 2000–2018. 2018; ():1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHolger Preuss; Wladimir Andreff; Maike Weitzmann. 2018. "Introduction." Cost and Revenue Overruns of the Olympic Games 2000–2018 , no. : 1-5.
In this reflection we offer explanations about the different drivers that initiate cost and revenue overruns. Before we issue our 17 recommendations, we will use several theories that help us to understand why cost and revenue overruns occur. The theory is important to consider because it will emphasise our recommendations.
Holger Preuss; Wladimir Andreff; Maike Weitzmann. Reflections. Cost and Revenue Overruns of the Olympic Games 2000–2018 2018, 145 -172.
AMA StyleHolger Preuss, Wladimir Andreff, Maike Weitzmann. Reflections. Cost and Revenue Overruns of the Olympic Games 2000–2018. 2018; ():145-172.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHolger Preuss; Wladimir Andreff; Maike Weitzmann. 2018. "Reflections." Cost and Revenue Overruns of the Olympic Games 2000–2018 , no. : 145-172.
It is not easy to collect financial data for a complex event such as the Olympic Games. During our research it very soon became clear that often the financial data of capital investments disappeared or were hidden or in ever-changing mixed categories.
Holger Preuss; Wladimir Andreff; Maike Weitzmann. Methodology. Cost and Revenue Overruns of the Olympic Games 2000–2018 2018, 21 -41.
AMA StyleHolger Preuss, Wladimir Andreff, Maike Weitzmann. Methodology. Cost and Revenue Overruns of the Olympic Games 2000–2018. 2018; ():21-41.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHolger Preuss; Wladimir Andreff; Maike Weitzmann. 2018. "Methodology." Cost and Revenue Overruns of the Olympic Games 2000–2018 , no. : 21-41.
The results section is twofold. First, we will look at all Games levels, providing information for each of the 10 investigated Olympic Games. In a second results section, we will look across the various Games, which enables us to suggest interpretations by cost (revenue) groupings or categories. Finally, we present our overall findings.
Holger Preuss; Wladimir Andreff; Maike Weitzmann. Results I. Cost and Revenue Overruns of the Olympic Games 2000–2018 2018, 43 -116.
AMA StyleHolger Preuss, Wladimir Andreff, Maike Weitzmann. Results I. Cost and Revenue Overruns of the Olympic Games 2000–2018. 2018; ():43-116.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHolger Preuss; Wladimir Andreff; Maike Weitzmann. 2018. "Results I." Cost and Revenue Overruns of the Olympic Games 2000–2018 , no. : 43-116.
In any investment or other economic project that is going to last over several years between its inception date t – n and its delivery date t on time, the effectively achieved (ex-post) cost in t may happen to be higher than the announced (ex-ante) cost in t – n. The longer n is, the higher the risk that such a difference will emerge. This is clearly shown in our literature review in which we listed many reasons for that.
Holger Preuss; Wladimir Andreff; Maike Weitzmann. Literature Review. Cost and Revenue Overruns of the Olympic Games 2000–2018 2018, 7 -20.
AMA StyleHolger Preuss, Wladimir Andreff, Maike Weitzmann. Literature Review. Cost and Revenue Overruns of the Olympic Games 2000–2018. 2018; ():7-20.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHolger Preuss; Wladimir Andreff; Maike Weitzmann. 2018. "Literature Review." Cost and Revenue Overruns of the Olympic Games 2000–2018 , no. : 7-20.
In this Results II section, we look separately at OCOG revenue and expenditure categories and also at the individual venues in the non-OCOG budgets. To do so, we first separate the data by distinguishing between the Olympic Games and the Olympic Winter Games. We display for each category the minimum and maximum final deviations from the projected budget to the final budget and its evolution.
Holger Preuss; Wladimir Andreff; Maike Weitzmann. Results II. Cost and Revenue Overruns of the Olympic Games 2000–2018 2018, 117 -143.
AMA StyleHolger Preuss, Wladimir Andreff, Maike Weitzmann. Results II. Cost and Revenue Overruns of the Olympic Games 2000–2018. 2018; ():117-143.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHolger Preuss; Wladimir Andreff; Maike Weitzmann. 2018. "Results II." Cost and Revenue Overruns of the Olympic Games 2000–2018 , no. : 117-143.
This research investigates the challenges of budgeting for the venues constructed for major sports events. It presents empirical data from three events, two of which experienced massive cost overruns. The venues used at the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa and the 2011 FIS World Skiing Championship in Oslo, Norway, became 15.5 times and 17.5 times more expensive than the initial budgets, respectively. The 2012 FIS World Ski-Flying Championship, which was hosted in Vikersund, Norway, differed from them in that its final costs exceeded the initial budget by (only) 7.5%. One major reason for the cost overruns was the emphasis on other aims than constructing sports venues, after the award was made. Secondly, many of those who presented these aims operated as free riders who did not participate in funding the venues. Thirdly, the many volunteers involved in constructing the venue in Vikersund, which also included planning and preparations, significantly reduced the costs.
Harry Arne Solberg; Holger Preuss. Major Sports Events: The Challenge of Budgeting for the Venues. Event Management 2015, 19, 349 -363.
AMA StyleHarry Arne Solberg, Holger Preuss. Major Sports Events: The Challenge of Budgeting for the Venues. Event Management. 2015; 19 (3):349-363.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarry Arne Solberg; Holger Preuss. 2015. "Major Sports Events: The Challenge of Budgeting for the Venues." Event Management 19, no. 3: 349-363.
A mega sport event involves huge investments in city infrastructure. After the event, the structures that remain may be an asset to the stakeholders, or they may be a burden. Faced with high costs, the taxpayer demands that the event-related social, economic and ecological changes will in the end have improved living conditions for the host city. But it is not easy to identify sport event legacies in their entirety, because event-related changes may be confused with non-event-related development, and because a wide variety of areas and stakeholders are affected. This paper looks at how to identify legacies, who is affected by the legacies, how long they last, and how to judge whether a legacy creates or destroys value. It stresses that legacies affect stakeholders differently – positively for some and negatively for others. It considers how to maximise positive legacies and suggests that these can best be controlled by governmental organisations. It notes that legacies gain and lose power over time and that often a legacy will be activated only if environmental changes offer opportunities.
Holger Preuss. A framework for identifying the legacies of a mega sport event. Leisure Studies 2015, 34, 643 -664.
AMA StyleHolger Preuss. A framework for identifying the legacies of a mega sport event. Leisure Studies. 2015; 34 (6):643-664.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHolger Preuss. 2015. "A framework for identifying the legacies of a mega sport event." Leisure Studies 34, no. 6: 643-664.
Holger Preuss; Harry Arne Solberg; Jens Alm. The Challenge of Utilizing World Cup Venues. Managing the Football World Cup 2014, 1 .
AMA StyleHolger Preuss, Harry Arne Solberg, Jens Alm. The Challenge of Utilizing World Cup Venues. Managing the Football World Cup. 2014; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHolger Preuss; Harry Arne Solberg; Jens Alm. 2014. "The Challenge of Utilizing World Cup Venues." Managing the Football World Cup , no. : 1.
The basis for the results for the three perspectives of UEFA, the Swiss Government and the SFA has been established in the previous chapter, where we outlined the terms, rules, regulations, conditions and policies directly connected to the objective of how good (corporate) governance, policies and CSR helped to create a legacy from the EURO 2008.
Pierre Lienhard; Holger Preuss. Results. Legacy, Sustainability and CSR at Mega Sport Events 2014, 87 -107.
AMA StylePierre Lienhard, Holger Preuss. Results. Legacy, Sustainability and CSR at Mega Sport Events. 2014; ():87-107.
Chicago/Turabian StylePierre Lienhard; Holger Preuss. 2014. "Results." Legacy, Sustainability and CSR at Mega Sport Events , no. : 87-107.
Alongside defining the term ‘event’, the relevant literature has developed five characteristics for distinguishing events: (1) the event schedule, (2) the event strategy, (3) the event period, (4) the event content and (5) the event size (Preuss et al., 2009, 26). While singular events in the area of art and culture (including historical jubilee celebrations and concerts) are considered as being of vital importance, singular events in sports are rather an exception and comparatively limited (ibid.) Events in the area of sport are typically considered as regularly held events within an event series (Kurscheidt, 2006). It is however to be differentiated between guest-events being held from a term of one up to four years at different venues such as World Championship or European Championships of the respective sport federations, or on the other hand the traditional tournaments, which are held at the same venue such as for instance in tennis or golf (ibid.).
Pierre Lienhard; Holger Preuss. Concepts and Framework. Legacy, Sustainability and CSR at Mega Sport Events 2014, 5 -62.
AMA StylePierre Lienhard, Holger Preuss. Concepts and Framework. Legacy, Sustainability and CSR at Mega Sport Events. 2014; ():5-62.
Chicago/Turabian StylePierre Lienhard; Holger Preuss. 2014. "Concepts and Framework." Legacy, Sustainability and CSR at Mega Sport Events , no. : 5-62.
After being awarded the EURO 2008, Switzerland faced several challenges related to hosting such a mega sport event. The research has explored how knowledge transfer and the use of certain management tools were important in Switzerland’s organization of fifteen matches and to achieving a happy and prosperous football festival in Switzerland.
Pierre Lienhard; Holger Preuss. Conclusion and Future. Legacy, Sustainability and CSR at Mega Sport Events 2014, 125 -137.
AMA StylePierre Lienhard, Holger Preuss. Conclusion and Future. Legacy, Sustainability and CSR at Mega Sport Events. 2014; ():125-137.
Chicago/Turabian StylePierre Lienhard; Holger Preuss. 2014. "Conclusion and Future." Legacy, Sustainability and CSR at Mega Sport Events , no. : 125-137.
For this book a mix of qualitative research methods was chosen. Qualitative research was chosen because little is known about the sustainable aspects of the implementation of corporate governance, policies and CSR for mega sport events from the abovementioned perspectives. Through these expert-interviews, a broad insight into the subject was gleaned and as much information as possible was gathered. All interviews were recorded and fully transcribed in order to provide for a basis for future evaluation and analysis about the subject.
Pierre Lienhard; Holger Preuss. Method. Legacy, Sustainability and CSR at Mega Sport Events 2014, 71 -85.
AMA StylePierre Lienhard, Holger Preuss. Method. Legacy, Sustainability and CSR at Mega Sport Events. 2014; ():71-85.
Chicago/Turabian StylePierre Lienhard; Holger Preuss. 2014. "Method." Legacy, Sustainability and CSR at Mega Sport Events , no. : 71-85.
The UEFA European Football Championship is one of the world's biggest sporting events. The first proper championship match was held on 28 September 1958 in Moscow's Central Stadium, marking the beginning of the 22 month-long inaugural competition that lasted until 1960 (N.N., 2008c), which let the idea of Henri Delaunay, the first general secretary of UEFA, become a reality (ibid., 8). The EURO 2008 did not only represent an outstanding sport event and a major event for the society in Switzerland, it was also the largest and most important sports event ever organized in Switzerland (ibid., 12). It was the 13th final tournament of the UEFA European Football Championship (EURO) and only the 2nd final round (after Belgium/Netherland in 2000) jointly hosted by two countries (ibid., 10).
Pierre Lienhard; Holger Preuss. Introduction. Legacy, Sustainability and CSR at Mega Sport Events 2014, 1 -3.
AMA StylePierre Lienhard, Holger Preuss. Introduction. Legacy, Sustainability and CSR at Mega Sport Events. 2014; ():1-3.
Chicago/Turabian StylePierre Lienhard; Holger Preuss. 2014. "Introduction." Legacy, Sustainability and CSR at Mega Sport Events , no. : 1-3.
Reflecting both interviews as well as the different topics, it can be said that the terms sustainability and legacy have become important issues. Even though UEFA did not regulate aspects of sustainability in their bid requirements for the EURO 2008, certain sustainability initiatives and processes did evolve from 2002 until the realization of the tournament in 2008. Although UEFA was positively influenced by the IOC and its sustainability and legacy concepts, it can be questioned that other subjects, like having a good, professionally organized event are still more important than prioritizing and implementing the theme of legacy.
Pierre Lienhard; Holger Preuss. Interpretation and Discussion of the Results. Legacy, Sustainability and CSR at Mega Sport Events 2014, 109 -124.
AMA StylePierre Lienhard, Holger Preuss. Interpretation and Discussion of the Results. Legacy, Sustainability and CSR at Mega Sport Events. 2014; ():109-124.
Chicago/Turabian StylePierre Lienhard; Holger Preuss. 2014. "Interpretation and Discussion of the Results." Legacy, Sustainability and CSR at Mega Sport Events , no. : 109-124.
Stakeholder theory attempts to explain who is involved in business and what potential influence these different stakeholders exert on these businesses, for example mega sport events. These businesses must create value for customers, suppliers, employees, communities and financiers, banks and so forth (Freeman, 2009). The framework argues that no stakeholder can be examined in isolation and that almost each group is important to the success of a business (ibid.; Wearing, 2008, 9). Interests are linked together and the job of a manager or an entrepreneur is to figure out how to align the interests of the different stakeholders (customers, suppliers, employees, communities and financiers) with each other (Freeman, 2009).
Pierre Lienhard; Holger Preuss. Theoretical Considerations. Legacy, Sustainability and CSR at Mega Sport Events 2014, 63 -69.
AMA StylePierre Lienhard, Holger Preuss. Theoretical Considerations. Legacy, Sustainability and CSR at Mega Sport Events. 2014; ():63-69.
Chicago/Turabian StylePierre Lienhard; Holger Preuss. 2014. "Theoretical Considerations." Legacy, Sustainability and CSR at Mega Sport Events , no. : 63-69.