As an important part of global carbon neutrality strategies, carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture, utilization, and storage technologies have emerged as critical solutions for reducing carbon emissions. However, conventional CO₂ applications, including food preservation, industrial synthesis, and enhanced oil recovery, face inherent limitations such as suboptimal gas–liquid mass transfer efficiency and inadequate long-term stability. Recent advancements in CO₂ micro-nanobubbles (CO₂ MNBs) have demonstrated remarkable potential across multidisciplinary domains, owing to their distinctive physicochemical characteristics encompassing elevated internal pressure, augmented specific surface area, exceptional stability, etc. In this review, we try to comprehensively explore the unique physicochemical properties of CO₂ MNBs and their emerging applications, including industrial, agricultural, environmental, and energy fields. Furthermore, we provide a prospective analysis of how these minuscule bubbles can emerge as pivotal in future technological innovations. We also offer novel insights and directions for research and applications across related fields. Finally, we engage in predicting their future development trends as a promising technological pathway for advancing carbon neutrality objectives.

Synchrotron-based X-ray microscopy (XRM) has garnered widespread attention from researchers due to its high spatial resolution and excellent energy (element) resolution. Existing molecular probes suitable for XRM include immune probes and genetic labeling probes, enabling the precise imaging of various biological targets within cells. However, immune labeling techniques are prone to cross-interference between antigens and antibodies. Genetic labeling technologies have limited systems that allow express markers independently, and moreover, genetically encoded labels based on catalytic polymerization lack a fixed morphology. When applied to cell imaging, this can result in reduced localization accuracy due to the diffusion of labels within the cells. Therefore, both techniques face challenges in simultaneously labeling multiple biotargets within cells and achieving high-precision imaging. In this work, we applied the click reaction and developed a third category of imaging probes suitable for XRM, termed clickable X-ray nanoprobes (Click-XRN). Click-XRN consists of two components: an X-ray-sensitive multicolor imaging module and a particle-size-controllable morphology module. Efficient identification of intra- and extracellular biotargets is achieved through click reactions between the probe and biomolecules. Click-XRN possesses a controllable particle size, and its loading of various metal ions provides distinctive signals for imaging under XRM. Based on this, we optimized the imaging energy of Click-XRN with different particle sizes, enabling single-color and two-color imaging of the cell membrane, cell nucleus, and mitochondria with nanoscale spatial nanometers. Our work provides a potent molecular tool for investigating cellular activities through XRM.

Ozone micro- and nanobubbles have emerged as a promising platform for advanced oxidation processes owing to their distinctive physicochemical characteristics, including exceptional stability, prolonged gas residence time, and highly active gas–liquid interfaces. Compared with conventional ozonation, micro/nanobubble-assisted systems significantly enhance ozone dissolution and utilization efficiency. They achieve this by creating a unique interfacial microenvironment that promotes localized and sustained oxidative reactions. Increasing evidence suggests that ozone oxidation is not dominated solely by homogeneous bulk-phase reactions but is strongly coupled with processes occurring at the bubble/water interface, particularly hydroxyl radical generation and surface-localized oxidation. This review provides an application-oriented overview of ozone micro/nanobubble technology by summarizing representative preparation methods and characterization techniques, elucidating their distinctive interfacial physicochemical properties, and critically examining their performance in oxidative cleaning, microbial inactivation, and complex environmental remediation. Special emphasis is placed on interpreting these phenomena from the perspective of gas–liquid reactions and surface-induced radical generation, with the aim of establishing a unified mechanistic framework that bridges fundamental properties with engineering performance. Finally, current challenges and future research directions for translating ozone micro/nanobubble systems into large-scale and long-term applications are discussed.

Achieving detailed neuronal structural information in large‐volume brain tissue has been a longstanding challenge in human brain imaging. A key obstacle arises from the trade‐off between staining efficiency and tissue autolysis. Traditional Golgi staining, typically conducted at room temperature or 37 °C to optimize staining efficiency, leads to rapid autolysis of brain tissue, resulting in the loss of fine structural details. Here, a near‐freezing temperature (NFT) staining strategy in post‐mortem frozen (PMF) human brain samples are presented, using a mercury chloride‐based method under ice‐water bath conditions. In contrast to the 37 °C Golgi staining, this NFT‐based method significantly reduces tissue autolysis, preserving fine neuronal structures. Notably, neuronal counts in the same field of view increased by 5.5‐fold, and dendritic spine density increases by 22‐fold. Using this approach, uniform staining of millimeter‐thick is achieved, centimeter‐scale human brain slices and integrated it with synchrotron‐based X‐ray microscopy to perform micrometer resolution 3D reconstructions of the cerebellum and frontal lobe. This novel technique offers a powerful tool for the fine‐structural imaging of large‐volume brain tissue, providing new insights into the intricate organization of neural networks.

Whole-brain imaging has revolutionized neuroscience research, providing comprehensive insights into neural networks across the entire brain. This powerful approach has greatly advanced our understanding of brain functions and the mechanisms underlying various diseases. One primary challenge in whole-brain imaging technology is to achieve high-resolution observation of neural networks at large scales. Although Golgi method allows labeling random neurons in their entirety in the brain, visualizing individual dendritic trees, and tracing long-distance axonal projections, the lengthy processing time pose a limit on its use, i.e., staining a mouse whole-brain sample of just 300 mm³ takes over two weeks. Here, we developed a rapid staining technique for whole-brain neurons using high-pressure assisted Golgi (HP Golgi). This method significantly reduced the staining time for mouse whole-brain neurons from 16 days to only 4 days. We demonstrated the broad applicability of the HP Golgi method across various model organisms, achieving whole-brain neuronal staining in zebrafish, mice, and rats. Further, we successfully performed rapid staining of hippocampal neurons in an intact pig brain, which is difficult to achieve with the classic Golgi-Cox method. We also demonstrated that the combination of the HP Golgi method with synchrotron-based X-ray microscopy for high-resolution imaging of whole-brain neurons in mice. This HP Golgi method enables fast and high-resolution neuronal imaging in large model organisms, showcasing its broad applicability for diverse applications.