The human gut microbiota significantly influences host health through its metabolic products and interaction with immune, neural, and metabolic systems. Among these, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), especially butyrate, play key roles in maintaining gut barrier integrity, modulating inflammation, and supporting metabolic regulation. Dysbiosis is increasingly linked to diverse conditions such as gastrointestinal, metabolic, and neuropsychiatric disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and colorectal cancer (CRC). Probiotics offer therapeutic potential by restoring microbial balance, enhancing epithelial defenses, and modulating immune responses. This review highlights the physiological functions of gut microbiota and SCFAs, with a particular focus on butyrate’s anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects in CRC. It also examines emerging microbial therapies like probiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, and engineered microbes. Emphasis is placed on the need for precision microbiome medicine, tailored to individual host–microbiome interactions and metabolomic profiles. These insights underscore the promising role of gut microbiota modulation in advancing preventive and personalized healthcare.

The present study aimed to develop an AI-based system for the detection and classification of polyps using colonoscopy images. A total of about 256,220 colonoscopy images from 5000 colorectal cancer patients were collected and processed. We used the CNN model for polyp detection and the EfficientNet-b0 model for polyp classification. Data were partitioned into training, validation and testing sets, with a 70%, 15% and 15% ratio, respectively. After the model was trained/validated/tested, to evaluate its performance rigorously, we conducted a further external validation using both prospective (n = 150) and retrospective (n = 385) approaches for data collection from 3 hospitals. The deep learning model performance with the testing set reached a state-of-the-art sensitivity and specificity of 0.9709 (95% CI: 0.9646–0.9757) and 0.9701 (95% CI: 0.9663–0.9749), respectively, for polyp detection. The polyp classification model attained an AUC of 0.9989 (95% CI: 0.9954–1.00). The external validation from 3 hospital results achieved 0.9516 (95% CI: 0.9295–0.9670) with the lesion-based sensitivity and a frame-based specificity of 0.9720 (95% CI: 0.9713–0.9726) for polyp detection. The model achieved an AUC of 0.9521 (95% CI: 0.9308–0.9734) for polyp classification. The high-performance, deep-learning-based system could be used in clinical practice to facilitate rapid, efficient and reliable decisions by physicians and endoscopists.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers and is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. Due to the westernization of diets, young patients with CRC are often diagnosed at advanced stages with an associated poor prognosis. Improved lifestyle choices are one way to minimize CRC risk. Among diet choices is the inclusion of bee propolis, long recognized as a health supplement with anticancer activities. Understanding the effect of propolis on the gut environment is worth exploring, and especially its associated intratumoral immune changes and its anticancer effect on the occurrence and development of CRC. In this study, early stage CRC was induced with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for one month in an animal model, without and with propolis administration. The phenotypes of early stage CRC were evaluated by X-ray microcomputed tomography and histologic examination. The gut immunity of the tumor microenvironment was assessed by immunohistochemical staining for tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and further comparative quantification. We found that the characteristics of the CRC mice, including the body weight, tumor loading, and tumor dimensions, were significantly changed due to propolis administration. With further propolis administration, the CRC tissues of DMH/DSS-treated mice showed decreased cytokeratin 20 levels, a marker for intestinal epithelium differentiation. Additionally, the signal intensity and density of CD3⁺ and CD4⁺ TILs were significantly increased and fewer forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3) lymphocytes were observed in the lamina propria. In conclusion, we found that propolis, a natural supplement, potentially prevented CRC progression by increasing CD3⁺ and CD4⁺ TILs and reducing FOXP3 lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment of early stage CRC. Our study could suggest a promising role for propolis in complementary medicine as a food supplement to decrease or prevent CRC progression.