Significance: Cities are taking a leading role in US efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and require traceable methods to assess the efficacy of their efforts. In this study, we developed an inverse model framework that quantified emissions in the Boston urban region over 16 months and is capable of detecting changes in emissions of greater than 18%. We show that a detailed representation of urban biological fluxes and knowledge of the spatial and temporal distribution of emissions are essential for accurate modeling of annual CO ₂ emissions. Across the globe, it is possible to quantifiably assess the efficacy of mitigation efforts by developing frameworks similar to the one we present here for Boston.

Land surface albedo is a key parameter controlling the local energy budget, and altering the albedo of built surfaces has been proposed as a tool to mitigate high near‐surface temperatures in the urban heat island. However, most research on albedo in urban landscapes has used coarse‐resolution data, and few studies have attempted to relate albedo to other urban land cover characteristics. This study provides an empirical description of urban summertime albedo using 30 m remote sensing measurements in the metropolitan area around Boston, Massachusetts, relating albedo to metrics of impervious cover fraction, tree canopy coverage, population density, and land surface temperature (LST). At 30 m spatial resolution, median albedo over the study area (excluding open water) was 0.152 (0.112–0.187). Trends of lower albedo with increasing urbanization metrics and temperature emerged only after aggregating data to 500 m or the boundaries of individual towns, at which scale a −0.01 change in albedo was associated with a 29 (25–35)% decrease in canopy cover, a 27 (24–30)% increase in impervious cover, and an increase in population from 11 to 386 km⁻². The most intensively urbanized towns in the region showed albedo up to 0.035 lower than the least urbanized towns, and mean mid‐morning LST 12.6°C higher. Trends in albedo derived from 500 m Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) measurements were comparable, but indicated a strong contribution of open water at this coarser resolution. These results reveal linkages between albedo and urban land cover character, and offer empirical context for climate resilient planning and future landscape functional changes with urbanization.