Understanding the synergic interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and its host mulberry (Morus alba L.), an important perennial multipurpose plant, has theoretical and practical significance in mulberry plantation, silkworm cultivation, and relevant textile industry. In a greenhouse study, we compared functional distinctions of three genetically different AMF species (Acaulospora scrobiculata, Funneliformis mosseae, and Rhizophagus intraradices) on physiological and growth characteristics as well as leaf quality of 6-month-old mulberry seedlings. Results showed that mulberry was AMF-species dependent, and AMF colonization significantly increased shoot height and taproot length, stem base and taproot diameter, leaf and fibrous root numbers, and shoot and root biomass production. Meanwhile, leaf chlorophyll a or b and carotenoid concentrations, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were generally significantly greater, while intercellular CO₂ concentration was significantly lower in AMF-inoculated seedlings than in non-AMF-inoculated counterparts. These trends were also generally true for leaf moisture, total nitrogen, all essential amino acids, histidine, proline, soluble protein, sugar, and fatty acid as they were significantly increased under mycorrhization. Among these three tested AMFs, significantly greater effects of AMF on above-mentioned mulberry physiological and growth characteristics ranked as F. mosseae > A. scrobiculata > R. intraradices, whilst on mulberry leaf quality (e.g., nutraceutical values) for better silkworm growth as F. mosseae ≈A. scrobiculata > R. intraradices. In conclusion, our results showed that greater mulberry biomass production, and nutritional quality varied with AMF species or was AMF-species dependent. Such improvements were mainly attributed to AMF-induced positive alterations of mulberry leaf photosynthetic pigments, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and N-containing compounds (methionine, threonine, histidine, and proline). As a result, application of Funneliformis mosseae or A. scrobiculata in mulberry plantation could be a promising management strategy to promote silkworm cultivation and relevant textile industry.

以山地长寿沙田柚成年果树为对象，研究不同生境和季节对丛枝菌根（Arbuscular mycorrhiza，AM）真菌侵染以及根围土壤中AM真菌孢子密度的影响. 试验结果表明，不同生境下，菌根侵染率和AM真菌孢子密度都是以梯田最高，坡地次之，洼地最低；在坡地和洼地生境下，生草区均高于清耕区. 两块试验地AM真菌的菌丝侵染率均为夏季最高（16.8% ± 1.9%和16.0% ± 1.8%），秋季次之，冬季最低；丛枝和泡囊的形成也是夏/秋季较高，春/冬季较低；而根围土壤中AM真菌孢子密度则是秋季最高[(159 ± 19)个/100 g和(167 ± 17)个/100 g]，夏季次之，冬季最低. 总之，对于长寿沙田柚成年果树，AM真菌的菌根侵染率在夏季梯田最高，根围土壤中的AM真菌孢子密度在秋季梯田最高；在坡地和洼地生境中，生草处理均可显著提高菌根侵染率和AM真菌孢子密度. 图4 参27<br />

Longan (Dimocarpus longan) is a highly nutritious subtropical perennial fruit tree that has been used as a traditional medicine since ancient times for its

Climate change and increasing drought conditions significantly impedes citrus productivity in subtropical and tropical regions. This study explores the potential of combining arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Funneliformis mosseae and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Pseudomonas putida to mitigate drought resilience in Citrus reticulata (Red tangerine). AMF-mediated drought tolerance has been extensively documented; however, the collegial influence of PGPR and AMF on phytohormone signaling, photosynthetic efficiency, nutrient acquisition, and gene expression remains largely unexplored in citrus. We conducted a greenhouse experiment under both well water and drought stress conditions to assess the physiological and molecular responses to individual and co-inoculation with PGPR and AMF. Drought-stressed citrus plants, inoculated with AMF and PGPR, demonstrated significantly improved leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, carbon assimilation, and antioxidant defense. PGPR-AMF co-inoculation enhanced chlorophyll stability, osmotic adjustment, and nutrient uptake, while significantly reducing lipid peroxidation and ROS accumulation. The turquoise module emerged from transcriptomic and gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) as a potential key regulator of stress adaptation, revealed key regulatory transcription factors, e.g., CrMYB4 , CrZFP8 , CrSOS5 , CrRGFR2 , and CrQUA1 , that were upregulated under combined inoculation, highlighting their potential role in stress adaptation. Our findings demonstrate that the synergistic PGPR-AMF interaction improves antioxidant enzyme activities and modulates gene expression to promote drought tolerance, providing new insights into the microbiome’s role in plant resilience. These results offer a potential strategy to boost citrus growth and yield under water scarcity, with broad implications for agricultural resilience to climate change.