This study investigated the effects of lactation period, foaling month and number, mare age, and regional factors on the quality parameters, amino acid composition, fatty acid profile, and nutritional indices of Kazakh mare’s milk under pasture conditions. A total of 240 milk samples were collected from Almaty and Zhambyl regions during the summer and autumn lactation periods. Standard physicochemical analyses determined fat, protein, casein, TS, and SNF contents, while amino acids were quantified via HPLC and fatty acids by GC. Significant seasonal differences were observed: summer milk contained higher PUFA (18.29%) and n-3 (5.71%) levels and exhibited lower SFA and AI values, indicating superior nutritional quality. Milk from younger mares (4 to 6 years) showed elevated essential amino acids and better lipid health indices compared to older mares. Zhambyl region samples had higher unsaturated fatty acids and SNF, while Almaty milk exhibited higher SFA and casein content. Amino acid profiling revealed that summer milk was enriched in glutamic acid, aspartic acid, serine, and histidine, whereas autumn milk contained more valine, leucine, methionine, and cysteine. PCA revealed distinct clustering based on season, mare age, and foaling period, confirming their substantial roles in shaping milk composition. These findings highlight that mare age, lactation period, and foaling timing significantly affect the nutritional quality of the mare’s milk. These results provide valuable insights for optimizing milk production and kumys fermentation strategies under traditional pasture-based systems.

Limited studies have examined the effects of geography, climate, and lactation on mare's milk in Kazakhstan. The study aimed to assess the protein components and quality of mare's milk and koumiss from 24 mares in southern Kazakhstan. Milk samples were collected monthly between July and December 2023. The soluble protein fraction was analysed via SDS-PAGE. Casein fractions were examined using SDS-PAGE polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The results indicated the presence of α-, β-, and κ-caseins, along with whey proteins such as α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin in the milk and fermented products. The milk contained 9.02% total solids, 1.62% protein and 1.22% casein on average. The mare milk fat content was 0.71% in Almaty, and in the Zhambyl region, it was significantly higher - 1.24%. The fermented koumiss products had a fat content of 1.22% in Almaty, while in Zhambyl, it was significantly higher at 1.94%. Similarly, the casein content in the Zhambyl region was 1.38%, compared to 0.81% in Almaty. The results indicate that different zones significantly affect mare's milk's fat and protein composition.

The availability of high-quality combined feed largely determines the level of economic development in animal husbandry and poultry farming since, in the structure of the cost of livestock products, feed costs reach 65 – 70%. At the same time, the authors of this article aim to compare the current situation around the feed industry in the Republic of Kazakhstan with a similar situation in the Russian Federation, as the formation of this industry in our countries has common roots. Thermomechanical processing methods are proposed to implement deep physicochemical changes in the protein-carbohydrate complex of components of combined feeds. As a result, the quality of the combined feeds improves. Starch gelatinization occurs, and starch grains transition into a more digestible form, contributing to its better assimilation. Bacterial contamination decreases, and coliform bacteria, colon bacillus, mould fungi, and salmonella are destroyed.

The peculiarity of the work is to develop a mathematical model of the melt flow in the cone-annular channel of the extruder die, which will allow you to choose the optimal geometric shape of the annular channel, as well as the angular rotation speed of the extruder screw. The object of the study is the cone-ring channel of the extruder matrix. To solve the three-dimensional problem of turbulent and laminar unsteady motion, the FlowVision software package was used, which allows solving partial differential equations using the finite volume method. The correct choice of the geometric shape of the annular gap made it possible to change the molecular structure of the product by creating a maximum pressure value. The optimally selected angular rotation speed of the extruder screw made it possible to carry out deep melting of the product due to the conversion of the mechanical energy of the screw into thermal energy. In the process of designing the forming of the cone-ring channel, the three volumes of the changing geometry of the stamp were selected, at the borders of the transition of which extreme points were observed. Deviations between the analyzed and experimental values of velocity and pressure were found in the limits of 9–12 % and 17–22 %, respectively. Based on the analysis of the obtained results of modeling, the optimal geometric shape of the annular gap and the recommended angular rotation speed of the extruder screw were revealed. The mathematical model proposed formed the basis of the developed design of the six-zone extruder. In the extruder, the geometric characteristics of the screw (variable pitch of the turns) were substantiated and selected, which provide the maximum effect of dissipation, i.e. autogenous mode of operation

Kumys, a traditional fermented dairy product derived from mare’s milk, possesses unique nutritional properties with significant potential in the functional food market. This study presents a comparative evaluation the chemical composition, and fatty acid profiles of kumys obtained from Kazakh mare’s milk across two key regions in southern Kazakhstan (Almaty and Zhambyl) over five months of lactation (July to November). A total of 240 kumys samples were analyzed using MilkoScan FT1 for standard milk parameters and gas chromatography GC Shimadzu GC-2010 Plus for fatty acid profiling. Principal component analysis (PCA), ANOVA, and correlation analysis were applied to explore regional and seasonal variation. The results revealed significant differences in the composition between regions and across lactation months. Kumys from the Almaty region exhibited higher levels of protein (1.59% vs. 1.41%), lactose (5.68% vs. 5.12%), and solids-not-fat, while Zhambyl samples showed higher fat content (1.86% vs. 1.52%) and more favorable thrombogenic index (TI) values. Notably, linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) content increased by 28% from July (0.46 g/100g fat) to November (0.59 g/100g fat), and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3n3c) increased by 21% over the same period.. The n-6/n-3 ratio improved significantly in autumn months, particularly in Zhambyl, suggesting enhanced health-promoting qualities. PCA distinguished samples based on both geographic and seasonal factors, with lactation stage having a more substantial impact on kumys composition than region. These findings underscore the importance of lactation month and regional pasture characteristics in shaping the nutritional value of kumys and provide a scientific basis for optimizing their production and valorization in the dairy sector.

В статье особое внимание уделяется вопросам аэрогравитационной классификации зернопродуктов. На основе анализа существу­ющих зерноочистительных машин предложена установка для аэрогравитационной классификации зернопродуктов, позволяющие повысить производительность и эффективность отделения легких примесей. В зерновой смеси, содержащей от 5 до 10% сорной примеси, быстрее и в 2-3 раза эффективнее развиваются плесневые грибы, чем при засорённости 1%, интенсивность дыхания возрастает в 2-4 раза против исходной, энергия прорастания таких семян снижается на 6–12%. Снижение температуры хранения до 18-19% лишь удлиняет сроки появления признаков ухудшения качества засорённого зерна. Отмечено, что семена сорных растений скорее и сильнее поражаются плесневыми грибами, чем зёрна основной культуры. Цель очистки зерна от примесей: обеспечить необходимое качество зерна. Повысить качество семенного зерна; улучшить условия хранения зерна; освободить транспортное средство от перевозки части мусора и, следовательно, снизить стоимость транспортировки зерна; обеспечить значительное снижение проникновения вредителей в зерновые запасы; создать более благоприятные условия сушки для круп; улучшение санитарно-гигиенических условий труда. В работе исследуется процесс выделения легких примесей из зерновой массы. Результаты проведенных исследований показало высокий технологический эффект. В заключении приведены результаты испытаний и зависимости, полученные производственным путём.