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During the last decades, extensive research has been carried out on using reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) material in the production of hot recycled mix asphalt. Unfortunately, the aged, stiff, and brittle binder in the RAP typically increases the mixture stiffness and can therefore cause fatigue and low-temperature damages. In the scientific literature, there are many studies concerning the aging and rejuvenation of bitumen, but there is a lack of up-to-date reviews that bring them together, especially those facing the phenomena from a chemical point of view. In this paper, a recap of the chemical aspects of virgin, aged, and rejuvenated bitumen is proposed in order to provide a useful summary of the state of the art, with the aim of both encouraging the use of an increasing quantity of RAP in hot mix asphalt and trying to give indications for further research.
Emiliano Prosperi; Edoardo Bocci. A Review on Bitumen Aging and Rejuvenation Chemistry: Processes, Materials and Analyses. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6523 .
AMA StyleEmiliano Prosperi, Edoardo Bocci. A Review on Bitumen Aging and Rejuvenation Chemistry: Processes, Materials and Analyses. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6523.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmiliano Prosperi; Edoardo Bocci. 2021. "A Review on Bitumen Aging and Rejuvenation Chemistry: Processes, Materials and Analyses." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6523.
In recent years, over-stabilized polymer-modified bitumen emulsions have been widely used to improve the mechanical properties of cold bituminous mixtures. However, the effect of the polymer modification process on the emulsion performance have not been investigated. The present paper deals with the analysis of the binders recovered from a reference unmodified bitumen emulsion and two polymer-modified emulsions, respectively including SBR-latex added after bitumen emulsification (post-blending) and SBS added before bitumen emulsification (pre-blending). The laboratory investigation included the linear viscoelastic characterisation and the evaluation of the resistance to permanent deformations and damage. The results showed that the polymer-modified bitumen emulsions have a more pronounced elasticity with respect to the unmodified emulsion, allowing achieving a higher performance against permanent deformations and fatigue. In addition, the SBS modified bitumen emulsion (pre-blending) has better properties than the latex modified emulsion (post-blending), as a consequence of the different chemical structure that the modification process produces.
Carlo Carpani; E. Bocci; M. Bocci. Rheological and performance characterisation of the bitumen recovered from different emulsions for cold mixtures. Road Materials and Pavement Design 2021, 22, S214 -S231.
AMA StyleCarlo Carpani, E. Bocci, M. Bocci. Rheological and performance characterisation of the bitumen recovered from different emulsions for cold mixtures. Road Materials and Pavement Design. 2021; 22 (sup1):S214-S231.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlo Carpani; E. Bocci; M. Bocci. 2021. "Rheological and performance characterisation of the bitumen recovered from different emulsions for cold mixtures." Road Materials and Pavement Design 22, no. sup1: S214-S231.
In road construction, it can happen that, for different reasons, the time between hot-mix asphalt (HMA) production and paving is extended to some hours. This can be reflected in several problems such as mix cooling and temperature segregation, but also in an extremely severe bitumen ageing due to its prolonged exposure to high temperatures. This paper deals with the investigation of these phenomena both in the laboratory and on site. In particular, the first part of the research aimed at observing the influence of the conditioning time, when the loose HMA is kept in the oven at a high temperature, on the mix properties. The second part focused on the ageing/cooling that happens on site during HMA hauling, as a function of time and type of truck. Temperatures were monitored using a thermal camera and different probes, and gyratory compactor specimens were produced by sampling some HMA from the trucks every 1 h for 3 h. The results showed that HMA stiffness rises if the time when the loose mix stays in the laboratory oven before compaction increases. However, on site, the HMA volumetric and mechanical properties do not change with hauling time up to 3 h, probably because the external material in the truck bed protects the HMA core from the access of oxygen, hindering bitumen oxidation and loss of volatiles. The temperature monitoring highlighted that temperature segregation, after 3 h hauling, can be higher than 30 °C but it can be reduced using insulated truck beds.
Edoardo Bocci; Emiliano Prosperi; Volkmar Mair; Maurizio Bocci. Ageing and Cooling of Hot-Mix-Asphalt During Hauling and Paving—A Laboratory and Site Study. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8612 .
AMA StyleEdoardo Bocci, Emiliano Prosperi, Volkmar Mair, Maurizio Bocci. Ageing and Cooling of Hot-Mix-Asphalt During Hauling and Paving—A Laboratory and Site Study. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (20):8612.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEdoardo Bocci; Emiliano Prosperi; Volkmar Mair; Maurizio Bocci. 2020. "Ageing and Cooling of Hot-Mix-Asphalt During Hauling and Paving—A Laboratory and Site Study." Sustainability 12, no. 20: 8612.
In the last years, RILEM Technical Committee 237-SIB proposed a new test protocol for reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) characterization, the cohesion test, with the goal to facilitate the identification of the most suitable solution for the recycling within new pavement layers. However, this procedure actually allows discriminating between different RAP sources but it does not exactly indicate the effective “activity” of the binder in the RAP. The present paper deals with the analysis of different RAP materials through the RILEM cohesion test. In particular, two “young” RAPs, different in composition and milled immediately after being laid, were aged in the laboratory and tested at different ageing levels. Moreover, an in-site aged RAP was tested as reference, either in neat conditions or after being sprayed with a rejuvenator. The results showed that the actual cohesion test approach, based on the evaluation of the indirect tensile strength (ITS), is not able to distinguish between RAP binders with stiff-brittle behaviour or good residual binding properties (despite the first is an unwanted condition while the second is a desired condition, both of them determine an increase in ITS). Differently, the Cracking Tolerance Index (\({\rm{CT}}_{\rm{Index}}\)) defined by ASTM D8225-19 can emphasize the RAP bitumen ductility and highlight any residual binding and adhesive properties. For this reason, a RILEM cohesion test improvement is proposed by including the \({\rm{CT}}_{\rm{Index}}\) calculation in the analysis.
Edoardo Bocci; Emiliano Prosperi. Analysis of different reclaimed asphalt pavements to assess the potentiality of RILEM cohesion test. Materials and Structures 2020, 53, 1 -14.
AMA StyleEdoardo Bocci, Emiliano Prosperi. Analysis of different reclaimed asphalt pavements to assess the potentiality of RILEM cohesion test. Materials and Structures. 2020; 53 (5):1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEdoardo Bocci; Emiliano Prosperi. 2020. "Analysis of different reclaimed asphalt pavements to assess the potentiality of RILEM cohesion test." Materials and Structures 53, no. 5: 1-14.
Nowadays, the disposal of end-of-life tires (ELT) is worldwide one of the major concerns for the environment as well as for public health. Crumb rubber and steel wires, the main by-products (in terms of weight) deriving from the ELT processing, can be recycled in several ways. However, the textile fiber, representing about 10% of the waste by weight, is typically not reused and ends up in landfills or incinerators. The present paper deals with the use of reclaimed fibers from ELT in hot mix asphalt (HMA), with the aim to improve its performance. The study included the preliminary characterization of the fiber through microscope observation and Fourier trans form infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and then the investigation of the mechanical properties of HMA containing ELT fibers, in comparison with an ordinary HMA with no fibers. In particular, indirect tensile strength (ITS), indirect tensile stiffness modulus (ITSM), semi-circular bending (SCB), three point bending (3PB) and indirect tensile fatigue (ITF) tests were carried out. The results showed that the use of ELT fibers does not reflect in a significant improvement in terms of strength and stiffness properties. However, the ELT fibers determine a noticeable increase of the HMA resistance to fatigue, probably related to the ability of the fibers in sewing the micro-crack edges and contrasting the macro-crack opening.
Edoardo Bocci; Emiliano Prosperi. Recycling of reclaimed fibers from end-of-life tires in hot mix asphalt. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition) 2020, 7, 678 -687.
AMA StyleEdoardo Bocci, Emiliano Prosperi. Recycling of reclaimed fibers from end-of-life tires in hot mix asphalt. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition). 2020; 7 (5):678-687.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEdoardo Bocci; Emiliano Prosperi. 2020. "Recycling of reclaimed fibers from end-of-life tires in hot mix asphalt." Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition) 7, no. 5: 678-687.
A change in the current waste management practices is needed to improve the reuse and recycling rates and limit the increasing environmental impacts (EI) on the environment. The construction sector is one of the major contributors to the global EI, regarding energy consumption, emissions released into the atmosphere and extracted natural resources. In this context, the reuse of waste and scraps from other sectors/production chains (i.e. fibers from end of life tires – ELT) in road pavements potentially represents a best practice. This study presents a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) among three different typologies of hot mix asphalt mixtures (HMA): standard, cellulose-reinforced and ELT fiber-reinforced. The study focuses on the environmental analysis of the realization and maintenance of 1 m2 of HMA mixtures for a motorway road, during a time lapse of 30 years. The life cycle inventory includes primary data, collected from different industrial companies and from laboratory test, secondary data, derived from the GaBi professional database 2016. The service lives of the different typologies of HMA have been evaluated through a laboratory study and a full-scale application in a trial section located in an important Italian motorway. The porous asphalt mixture containing ELT fibers showed about 70% increase in the fatigue resistance with respect to the porous asphalt mixture containing cellulose fibers. The environmental impacts have been quantified in terms of Cumulative Energy Demand (CED), Global Warming Potential (GWP), and ReCiPe midpoint and endpoint indicators. The obtained results show that raw materials (particularly bitumen) are the most impactful flows for all the three considered mixtures and for all the impact categories. Also the transportation phases contribute with relevant impacts, while energy flows consumed during the HMA preparation and laying are almost negligible. Considering the CED, GWP and ReCiPe endpoint indicators, the ELT fiber-reinforced HMA resulted the best alternative (reduction of 25% in comparison with the standard HMA), followed by the cellulose-reinforced HMA (−10%), thanks to the higher service life. For some ReCiPe midpoint categories (Agricultural land occupation, Freshwater ecotoxicity, Freshwater eutrophication, Marine eutrophication and Terrestrial ecotoxicity), instead, the worst scenario is the cellulose HMA, due to the high contribution of the cellulose material.
Daniele Landi; Marco Marconi; Edoardo Bocci; Michele Germani. Comparative life cycle assessment of standard, cellulose-reinforced and end of life tires fiber-reinforced hot mix asphalt mixtures. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 248, 119295 .
AMA StyleDaniele Landi, Marco Marconi, Edoardo Bocci, Michele Germani. Comparative life cycle assessment of standard, cellulose-reinforced and end of life tires fiber-reinforced hot mix asphalt mixtures. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 248 ():119295.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniele Landi; Marco Marconi; Edoardo Bocci; Michele Germani. 2019. "Comparative life cycle assessment of standard, cellulose-reinforced and end of life tires fiber-reinforced hot mix asphalt mixtures." Journal of Cleaner Production 248, no. : 119295.
Cold in-place recycling (CIR) has increasing interest worldwide due to the large economic and environmental benefits deriving from reduction of atmospheric emissions, preservation of natural resources, no hauling of the material to the recycling plant and back to the jobsite. However, a unique protocol for the structural rehabilitation of highly trafficked highways based on CIR has not been still developed, discouraging their application in the upper layers of the pavement (base layer). This paper describes a case study where a cold recycled asphalt base (CRAB), containing 100% of reclaimed asphalt treated with polymer-modified bitumen emulsion and cement, has been applied in the reconstruction of the SS268 divided highway in southern Italy. The technical approach followed in this project included the preliminary execution of falling weight deflectometer tests to estimate the subgrade stiffness, the design of the pavement structure through a mechanistic-empirical procedure, the mix design of the CRAB and the validation of the construction procedure and mix properties in a trial section. This paper aims to provide a protocol for the design and construction of CIR mixtures, allowing their use as base layer for the highways interested by a high traffic.
Edoardo Bocci; Andrea Graziani; Maurizio Bocci. Cold In-place Recycling for a Base Layer of an Italian High-Traffic Highway. Proceedings of EECE 2020 2019, 313 -322.
AMA StyleEdoardo Bocci, Andrea Graziani, Maurizio Bocci. Cold In-place Recycling for a Base Layer of an Italian High-Traffic Highway. Proceedings of EECE 2020. 2019; ():313-322.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEdoardo Bocci; Andrea Graziani; Maurizio Bocci. 2019. "Cold In-place Recycling for a Base Layer of an Italian High-Traffic Highway." Proceedings of EECE 2020 , no. : 313-322.
Andrea Graziani; Chiara Mignini; Edoardo Bocci; Maurizio Bocci. Complex Modulus Testing and Rheological Modeling of Cold-Recycled Mixtures. Journal of Testing and Evaluation 2019, 48, 1 .
AMA StyleAndrea Graziani, Chiara Mignini, Edoardo Bocci, Maurizio Bocci. Complex Modulus Testing and Rheological Modeling of Cold-Recycled Mixtures. Journal of Testing and Evaluation. 2019; 48 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea Graziani; Chiara Mignini; Edoardo Bocci; Maurizio Bocci. 2019. "Complex Modulus Testing and Rheological Modeling of Cold-Recycled Mixtures." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 48, no. 1: 1.
The present study aims at investigating the evolution of the rheological properties of a primary bitumen with ageing (first service life), hot recycling (50/50 blending of virgin and aged bitumen, without adding additives or adding with three different rejuvenators) and re-ageing (service life after RAP hot recycling). RTFOT and PAV equipment were used to simulate bitumen ageing in laboratory and DSR allowed analysing the rheological behaviour. Results show that the hot recycled bituminous blends including a properly selected and dosed rejuvenator can undergo a less severe oxidation than virgin bitumen and can be less stiff at the end of the service life. The comparison with the results obtained in a parallel research, using a bitumen produced through a visbreaking process, proved that the latter is more unstable and exhibits a more detrimental ageing.
Edoardo Bocci; Giorgia Mazzoni; Francesco Canestrari. Ageing of rejuvenated bitumen in hot recycled bituminous mixtures: influence of bitumen origin and additive type. Road Materials and Pavement Design 2019, 20, S127 -S148.
AMA StyleEdoardo Bocci, Giorgia Mazzoni, Francesco Canestrari. Ageing of rejuvenated bitumen in hot recycled bituminous mixtures: influence of bitumen origin and additive type. Road Materials and Pavement Design. 2019; 20 (sup1):S127-S148.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEdoardo Bocci; Giorgia Mazzoni; Francesco Canestrari. 2019. "Ageing of rejuvenated bitumen in hot recycled bituminous mixtures: influence of bitumen origin and additive type." Road Materials and Pavement Design 20, no. sup1: S127-S148.
Oxidative ageing is an important phenomenon affecting asphalt concrete. Currently, binder short-term ageing, occurring during mixture production and laying, is simulated worldwide through rolling thin film oven test (RTFOT), which was developed assuming that the mixture is produced at conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA) temperatures around 160 °C. However, since ageing is strongly influenced by temperature, lower production temperatures imply less material ageing so that the introduction of warm mix asphalt (WMA) technologies could potentially require some adjustments in the ageing simulation procedures. This study aims at determining which RTFOT temperature simulates WMA short-term ageing more closely. To this end, the chemical and the mechanical characteristics of one type of bitumen, recovered from two asphalt mixtures (WMA and HMA) prepared and short-term aged in laboratory, were compared to those of the same virgin binder short-term aged in laboratory with RTFOT at different temperatures (123 °C and 163 °C). Both conventional and rheological tests show higher ageing levels for the binder recovered from HMA with respect to the binder aged with RTFOT at 163 °C, whereas the binder recovered from WMA generally provides an ageing level lower than the binder aged with RTFOT at 163 °C. These results are also confirmed by the chemical analysis using FTIR which indicate higher oxidation levels for the hot mix process compared to the warm mix. These preliminary results confirm that it is necessary to identify an appropriate ageing temperature for the short-term ageing simulation of WMAs with RTFOT.
Gilda Ferrotti; Hassan Baaj; Jeroen Besamusca; Maurizio Bocci; Augusto Cannone-Falchetto; James Grenfell; Bernhard Hofko; Laurent Porot; Lily Poulikakos; Zhanping You. Comparison between bitumen aged in laboratory and recovered from HMA and WMA lab mixtures. Materials and Structures 2018, 51, 150 .
AMA StyleGilda Ferrotti, Hassan Baaj, Jeroen Besamusca, Maurizio Bocci, Augusto Cannone-Falchetto, James Grenfell, Bernhard Hofko, Laurent Porot, Lily Poulikakos, Zhanping You. Comparison between bitumen aged in laboratory and recovered from HMA and WMA lab mixtures. Materials and Structures. 2018; 51 (6):150.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGilda Ferrotti; Hassan Baaj; Jeroen Besamusca; Maurizio Bocci; Augusto Cannone-Falchetto; James Grenfell; Bernhard Hofko; Laurent Porot; Lily Poulikakos; Zhanping You. 2018. "Comparison between bitumen aged in laboratory and recovered from HMA and WMA lab mixtures." Materials and Structures 51, no. 6: 150.
This recommendation proposes an experimental protocol to characterize recycled asphalt materials. The guidelines presented in this document are based on the results of a round robin test organized by the RILEM Technical Committee 237-SIB “Testing and characterization of sustainable innovative bituminous materials and systems” and provide information on the testing procedure, data analysis and indications for the preparation of a test report.
Gabriele Tebaldi; Eshan V. Dave; Augusto Cannone Falchetto; Martin Hugener; Daniel Perraton; Andrea Grilli; Davide Lo Presti; Marco Pasetto; Andreas Loizos; Kim Jenkins; Alex Apeagyei; James Grenfell; Maurizio Bocci. Recommendation of RILEM TC237-SIB: protocol for characterization of recycled asphalt (RA) materials for pavement applications. Materials and Structures 2018, 51, 142 .
AMA StyleGabriele Tebaldi, Eshan V. Dave, Augusto Cannone Falchetto, Martin Hugener, Daniel Perraton, Andrea Grilli, Davide Lo Presti, Marco Pasetto, Andreas Loizos, Kim Jenkins, Alex Apeagyei, James Grenfell, Maurizio Bocci. Recommendation of RILEM TC237-SIB: protocol for characterization of recycled asphalt (RA) materials for pavement applications. Materials and Structures. 2018; 51 (6):142.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGabriele Tebaldi; Eshan V. Dave; Augusto Cannone Falchetto; Martin Hugener; Daniel Perraton; Andrea Grilli; Davide Lo Presti; Marco Pasetto; Andreas Loizos; Kim Jenkins; Alex Apeagyei; James Grenfell; Maurizio Bocci. 2018. "Recommendation of RILEM TC237-SIB: protocol for characterization of recycled asphalt (RA) materials for pavement applications." Materials and Structures 51, no. 6: 142.
This recommendation describes how to evaluate the presence of potentially active bitumen in recycled asphalt (RA) materials through the cohesion test. The experimental protocol is designed according to the research performed by the RILEM Technical Committee 237-SIB ‘‘Testing and characterization of sustainable innovative bituminous materials and systems’’ with the purpose, to develop a new, simple and fast method for the characterization of RA while limiting the need for conventional rheological tests. The guidelines in this recommendation focus on the testing procedure including specimen preparation, data analysis and provide information on the preparation of a tests report.
Gabriele Tebaldi; Eshan Dave; Augusto Cannone Falchetto; Martin Hugener; Daniel Perraton; Andrea Grilli; Davide Lo Presti; Marco Pasetto; Andreas Loizos; Kim Jenkins; Alex Apeagyei; James Grenfell; Maurizio Bocci. Recommendation of RILEM TC237-SIB on cohesion test of recycled asphalt. Materials and Structures 2018, 51, 117 .
AMA StyleGabriele Tebaldi, Eshan Dave, Augusto Cannone Falchetto, Martin Hugener, Daniel Perraton, Andrea Grilli, Davide Lo Presti, Marco Pasetto, Andreas Loizos, Kim Jenkins, Alex Apeagyei, James Grenfell, Maurizio Bocci. Recommendation of RILEM TC237-SIB on cohesion test of recycled asphalt. Materials and Structures. 2018; 51 (5):117.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGabriele Tebaldi; Eshan Dave; Augusto Cannone Falchetto; Martin Hugener; Daniel Perraton; Andrea Grilli; Davide Lo Presti; Marco Pasetto; Andreas Loizos; Kim Jenkins; Alex Apeagyei; James Grenfell; Maurizio Bocci. 2018. "Recommendation of RILEM TC237-SIB on cohesion test of recycled asphalt." Materials and Structures 51, no. 5: 117.
Oxidative ageing strongly affects asphalt mixture behavior. The Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFOT) is currently used to simulate within a laboratory environment the binder short-term ageing, assuming that the mixture is produced at conventional Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) temperatures (ca 160 °C). However, the introduction of Warm Mix Asphalts (WMAs), which are produced at lower temperatures than HMAs, could require adjustments in the short-term ageing simulation procedure as ageing is strongly influenced by the mixing and compaction temperatures. In this study, the physical properties of a straight-run bitumen, before ageing and after RTFOT ageing at two temperatures (123 °C and 163 °C), are compared to those of the same bitumen recovered from a HMA and a foamed WMA, both produced in laboratory. This comparison aims at determining the best RTFOT temperature for short-term ageing simulation for WMAs. To this end, all the binders were investigated through conventional (penetration value at 25 °C and softening point temperature) and rheological (frequency sweeps with dynamic shear rheometer) tests. Both conventional and rheological tests indicate that the WMA recovered binder is less aged than the binder aged at the standard conditioning temperature of 163 °C, whereas the HMA recovered binder is more aged than the artificially aged binder in the laboratory with RTFOT at 163 °C. These initial results support the idea that an appropriate ageing temperature for RTFOT short-term ageing simulation of WMA needs to be identified.
Gilda Ferrotti; Hassan Baaj; Jeroen Besamusca; Maurizio Bocci; Augusto Cannone Falchetto; James Grenfell; Bernhard Hofko; Laurent Porot; Lily D. Poulikakos; Zhanping You. Comparison of Short Term Laboratory Ageing on Virgin and Recovered Binder from HMA/WMA Mixtures. High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6 2018, 21 -26.
AMA StyleGilda Ferrotti, Hassan Baaj, Jeroen Besamusca, Maurizio Bocci, Augusto Cannone Falchetto, James Grenfell, Bernhard Hofko, Laurent Porot, Lily D. Poulikakos, Zhanping You. Comparison of Short Term Laboratory Ageing on Virgin and Recovered Binder from HMA/WMA Mixtures. High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6. 2018; ():21-26.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGilda Ferrotti; Hassan Baaj; Jeroen Besamusca; Maurizio Bocci; Augusto Cannone Falchetto; James Grenfell; Bernhard Hofko; Laurent Porot; Lily D. Poulikakos; Zhanping You. 2018. "Comparison of Short Term Laboratory Ageing on Virgin and Recovered Binder from HMA/WMA Mixtures." High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6 , no. : 21-26.
Giorgia Mazzoni; Edoardo Bocci; Francesco Canestrari. Influence of rejuvenators on bitumen ageing in hot recycled asphalt mixtures. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition) 2018, 5, 157 -168.
AMA StyleGiorgia Mazzoni, Edoardo Bocci, Francesco Canestrari. Influence of rejuvenators on bitumen ageing in hot recycled asphalt mixtures. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition). 2018; 5 (3):157-168.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiorgia Mazzoni; Edoardo Bocci; Francesco Canestrari. 2018. "Influence of rejuvenators on bitumen ageing in hot recycled asphalt mixtures." Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition) 5, no. 3: 157-168.
Pavement engineers have in front of them multiple challenges linked to addressing issues related to social development and society’s expanding needs. One of the most substantial of these issues is perhaps how to effectively rehabilitate and/or maintain the existing road network while preserving and sustaining limited natural resources. The re-usage of existing pavement materials to reconstruct/rehabilitate our future pavements is the solution that is now more and more selected by the different road administrations around the world. However, upon closer inspection, one can find many areas and details, not negligible issues, that are simply extensions of HMA technology (i.e. mix design process in cold recycling) or empirical arrangements; in particular RAP still does not have an internationally recognized classification. So SIB – TG6 decided to develop a classification protocol of RAP, depending on its intended application. The objective has been followed by considering the procedures generally utilized to classify the natural aggregates: tests able to identify the main components (i.e. the geometrical and mechanical properties of aggregates and the characterization of recovered bitumen for RAP) and provide information on their behaviour under specific conditions, near to real life usage (e.g. the Los Angeles test for aggregates gives an idea of the potential behaviour of aggregates under the action of a roller compactor). The following sections illustrate and explain the actions of the TG in order to achieve the goals outlined above: the review of current standards, the protocol designed to classify RAP and the round robin tests carried out to validate the protocol.
Gabriele Tebaldi; Eshan Dave; Martin Hugener; Augusto Cannone Falchetto; Daniel Perraton; Andrea Grilli; Davide Lo Presti; Marco Pasetto; Andreas Loizos; Kim Jenkins; Alex Apeagyei; James Grenfell; Maurizio Bocci. Cold Recycling of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavements. Testing and Characterization of Sustainable Innovative Bituminous Materials and Systems 2018, 239 -296.
AMA StyleGabriele Tebaldi, Eshan Dave, Martin Hugener, Augusto Cannone Falchetto, Daniel Perraton, Andrea Grilli, Davide Lo Presti, Marco Pasetto, Andreas Loizos, Kim Jenkins, Alex Apeagyei, James Grenfell, Maurizio Bocci. Cold Recycling of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavements. Testing and Characterization of Sustainable Innovative Bituminous Materials and Systems. 2018; ():239-296.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGabriele Tebaldi; Eshan Dave; Martin Hugener; Augusto Cannone Falchetto; Daniel Perraton; Andrea Grilli; Davide Lo Presti; Marco Pasetto; Andreas Loizos; Kim Jenkins; Alex Apeagyei; James Grenfell; Maurizio Bocci. 2018. "Cold Recycling of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavements." Testing and Characterization of Sustainable Innovative Bituminous Materials and Systems , no. : 239-296.
Edoardo Bocci. Use of ladle furnace slag as filler in hot asphalt mixtures. Construction and Building Materials 2018, 161, 156 -164.
AMA StyleEdoardo Bocci. Use of ladle furnace slag as filler in hot asphalt mixtures. Construction and Building Materials. 2018; 161 ():156-164.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEdoardo Bocci. 2018. "Use of ladle furnace slag as filler in hot asphalt mixtures." Construction and Building Materials 161, no. : 156-164.
C. Godenzoni; A. Graziani; M. Bocci; A. Grilli; Edoardo Bocci; M Sharbaf; N Ghafoori; Andreas Loizos; L Al-Qadi; A (Tom). Instrumented test section for analyzing the curing process of cold-recycled mixtures. Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields 2017, 1275 -1282.
AMA StyleC. Godenzoni, A. Graziani, M. Bocci, A. Grilli, Edoardo Bocci, M Sharbaf, N Ghafoori, Andreas Loizos, L Al-Qadi, A (Tom). Instrumented test section for analyzing the curing process of cold-recycled mixtures. Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields. 2017; ():1275-1282.
Chicago/Turabian StyleC. Godenzoni; A. Graziani; M. Bocci; A. Grilli; Edoardo Bocci; M Sharbaf; N Ghafoori; Andreas Loizos; L Al-Qadi; A (Tom). 2017. "Instrumented test section for analyzing the curing process of cold-recycled mixtures." Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields , no. : 1275-1282.
Andrea Grilli; Marco Iorio Gnisci; Maurizio Bocci. Effect of ageing process on bitumen and rejuvenated bitumen. Construction and Building Materials 2017, 136, 474 -481.
AMA StyleAndrea Grilli, Marco Iorio Gnisci, Maurizio Bocci. Effect of ageing process on bitumen and rejuvenated bitumen. Construction and Building Materials. 2017; 136 ():474-481.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea Grilli; Marco Iorio Gnisci; Maurizio Bocci. 2017. "Effect of ageing process on bitumen and rejuvenated bitumen." Construction and Building Materials 136, no. : 474-481.
Carlotta Godenzoni; Andrea Graziani; Edoardo Bocci; Maurizio Bocci. The evolution of the mechanical behaviour of cold recycled mixtures stabilised with cement and bitumen: field and laboratory study. Road Materials and Pavement Design 2017, 19, 856 -877.
AMA StyleCarlotta Godenzoni, Andrea Graziani, Edoardo Bocci, Maurizio Bocci. The evolution of the mechanical behaviour of cold recycled mixtures stabilised with cement and bitumen: field and laboratory study. Road Materials and Pavement Design. 2017; 19 (4):856-877.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlotta Godenzoni; Andrea Graziani; Edoardo Bocci; Maurizio Bocci. 2017. "The evolution of the mechanical behaviour of cold recycled mixtures stabilised with cement and bitumen: field and laboratory study." Road Materials and Pavement Design 19, no. 4: 856-877.
Gianluca Cerni; Edoardo Bocci; Fabrizio Cardone; Alessandro Corradini. Correlation Between Asphalt Mixture Stiffness Determined Through Static and Dynamic Indirect Tensile Tests. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 2017, 42, 1295 -1303.
AMA StyleGianluca Cerni, Edoardo Bocci, Fabrizio Cardone, Alessandro Corradini. Correlation Between Asphalt Mixture Stiffness Determined Through Static and Dynamic Indirect Tensile Tests. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 2017; 42 (3):1295-1303.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianluca Cerni; Edoardo Bocci; Fabrizio Cardone; Alessandro Corradini. 2017. "Correlation Between Asphalt Mixture Stiffness Determined Through Static and Dynamic Indirect Tensile Tests." Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 42, no. 3: 1295-1303.