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Jianping Ge
School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China

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Journal article
Published: 30 November 2020 in The Extractive Industries and Society
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Rare earths are important key metal minerals, but their exploitation, smelting and separation leads to the emission of environmental pollutants. China has taken a series of measures to control and govern the environmental pollution caused by mixed rare earth development in northern China, but currently, environmental pollution still exists. Environmental pollution affects the lives of local residents, and this impact can be measured by the nonuse value of the environmental pollution caused by rare earth development. Willingness to pay (WTP) is widely used to assess the nonuse value of environmental goods or services. By investigating residents' WTP for environmental improvement with respect to mixed rare earth development in northern China, we can better promote environmental governance and provide a decision-making basis for the government to propose quantitative and feasible environmental governance policies. Northern Chinese mixed rare earths are located mainly in Baotou in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. In this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey of residents around the Baotou rare earth mine regarding their basic personal situation, environmental cognition of rare earth development and WTP for environmental pollution control. Based on our findings, we used a double-bounded dichotomous choice (DC) model to calculate the average amount that residents are willing to pay for the treatment of environmental pollution, and we obtained the estimated mean value of their WTP. From February to April 2019, we obtained 568 valid questionnaires in the Hondlon District and Bayan Obo Mining District of Baotou. The analysis results show that the average value of the respondents’ WTP under the double-bounded DC model is 153.63 CNY per year and that the total value of the respondents’ WTP for environmental improvement with respect to rare earth development in Baotou is 442 million CNY per year. In addition, regarding the direct influencing factors of WTP, gender, the degree of cognition of environmental pollution, the degree of perception of bodily influence and the degree of expectations regarding environmental remediation have a significant positive correlation with WTP; moreover, the perception of bodily influence is the most important factor. Regarding the factors indirectly influencing WTP, age and place of residence affect the respondents' environmental cognition, which, in turn, affect the respondents’ WTP. Based on these influencing factors, the government can implement distinct environmental governance policies for different groups to effectively support the implementation of environmental policies.

ACS Style

Le Zhou; Jianping Ge. Estimating the environmental cost of mixed rare earth production with willingness to pay: A case study in Baotou, China. The Extractive Industries and Society 2020, 8, 340 -354.

AMA Style

Le Zhou, Jianping Ge. Estimating the environmental cost of mixed rare earth production with willingness to pay: A case study in Baotou, China. The Extractive Industries and Society. 2020; 8 (1):340-354.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Le Zhou; Jianping Ge. 2020. "Estimating the environmental cost of mixed rare earth production with willingness to pay: A case study in Baotou, China." The Extractive Industries and Society 8, no. 1: 340-354.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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In recent years, to cope with climate change, the global energy structure has been subject to constant transformation. Wind power has become one of the main forms of renewable energy, and as basic equipment in wind power generation, wind turbines have become more technologically advanced over the years. Neodymium praseodymium (NdPr) has become the key material for the most recent permanent magnet wind turbines. Therefore, the development of the global wind power market has a great impact on the demand for NdPr. This paper sets three scale scenarios of the future wind power market—a baseline scenario, a development scenario and a rapid development scenario—and estimates recycling potential from end-of-life (EOL) wind turbines using a dynamic material flow model. The results show that under different scales, the demand for NdPr ranges from 2.28E+05 to 7.88E+05 t during 2019-2040. In the long term, the rapid rise in offshore wind power projects will promote recycling technology as a promising strategy for diversifying the NdPr supply.

ACS Style

Xue Deng; Jianping Ge. Global wind power development leads to high demand for neodymium praseodymium (NdPr): A scenario analysis based on market and technology development from 2019 to 2040. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 277, 123299 .

AMA Style

Xue Deng, Jianping Ge. Global wind power development leads to high demand for neodymium praseodymium (NdPr): A scenario analysis based on market and technology development from 2019 to 2040. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 277 ():123299.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xue Deng; Jianping Ge. 2020. "Global wind power development leads to high demand for neodymium praseodymium (NdPr): A scenario analysis based on market and technology development from 2019 to 2040." Journal of Cleaner Production 277, no. : 123299.

Journal article
Published: 11 July 2020 in Resources Policy
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Rare earths (REs) are important critical mineral resources in China and play an important and irreplaceable role in social and economic development. However, REs production is associated with serious environmental pollution problems. As a major producer, China has introduced a series of environmental policies from the central and local governments for the environmental pollution caused by REs production, and many policy tools have been used to rectify these environmental issues. In this study, a content analysis method is used to investigate the structure and function of China's environmental policy for REs based on policy tool theory. The results show that an increase in level has occurred from local policy to the comprehensive policy of the central government. In terms of policy tools for REs, the central and local governments use basically the same types of mandatory and direct-provision command-control tools, while economic incentive and social autonomy tools are considered supplementary. The policy tools involve all aspects of the REs value chain but mainly affect mining and smelting processes. The local governments of provinces with serious environmental problems tend to adopt more command-control types of tools, while provinces with more-developed economies tend to use more flexible economic incentive tools. Moreover, provinces with stronger demand for technological development and industrial transformation tend to use economic incentive policy tools. Based on the historical development trends of existing policy tools, our study predicts that command-control tools will continue to be the main types of tools used for the environmental regulation of REs over the next 10 years and that the use of financial expenditure and tax tools will increase. In addition, property exchange and private market tools will gradually be applied.

ACS Style

Song Chai; Zhicong Zhang; Jianping Ge. Evolution of environmental policy for China's rare earths: Comparing central and local government policies. Resources Policy 2020, 68, 101786 .

AMA Style

Song Chai, Zhicong Zhang, Jianping Ge. Evolution of environmental policy for China's rare earths: Comparing central and local government policies. Resources Policy. 2020; 68 ():101786.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Song Chai; Zhicong Zhang; Jianping Ge. 2020. "Evolution of environmental policy for China's rare earths: Comparing central and local government policies." Resources Policy 68, no. : 101786.

Journal article
Published: 16 June 2020 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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The development of clean energy and high-tech materials is prospering. Cobalt, an indispensable material in this process, has drawn attention worldwide. China has a high demand for cobalt; the uncertainty of raw material supply and increasing domestic demand for cobalt may trigger a severe cobalt crisis in China. Thus, increasing urban mining may be essential for securing cobalt. This study analysed the changes in China's in-use stock of cobalt over 10 years using dynamic material flow analysis. We modelled the material flow cycle of China's cobalt in 2007–2016. Scenario analysis was conducted to estimate the potential of urban cobalt mines in China in 2007–2016, considering the final cobalt-bearing product lifespan distributions; the recycling rate of cobalt waste; and ideal (A1, A2), intermediate (B1, B2, C1, C2) and poor (D1, D2) scenarios. In 2007–2016, China's in-use stock of cobalt reached 115,100 tons (68.45% from batteries and 15.24% from superalloys). In the eight scenarios, the potential of China's urban cobalt mines was 78,800–186,500 tons. China's urban cobalt mines have great potential, but the actual exploitable volume is low, mainly due to the low overall recycling efficiency of domestic cobalt waste, e.g., the recycling rate of waste lithium-ion batteries is less than 10%. A frame of influencing factors for cobalt recycling was proposed, and the actual exploitable volume of China's urban cobalt mines in 2007–2016 was evaluated to be 30,700–60,700 tons. Policymakers should introduce effective policies to encourage cobalt recycling and increase awareness of recycling in the long run.

ACS Style

Yibo Wang; Jianping Ge. Potential of urban cobalt mines in China: An estimation of dynamic material flow from 2007 to 2016. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2020, 161, 104955 .

AMA Style

Yibo Wang, Jianping Ge. Potential of urban cobalt mines in China: An estimation of dynamic material flow from 2007 to 2016. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2020; 161 ():104955.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yibo Wang; Jianping Ge. 2020. "Potential of urban cobalt mines in China: An estimation of dynamic material flow from 2007 to 2016." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 161, no. : 104955.

Journal article
Published: 25 January 2020 in Energy Policy
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To reduce the impact of coal combustion on air quality, the Chinese government has introduced clean heating policies in North China. The government has vigorously promoted the policy of shifting from coal to gas (hereafter the “coal-to-gas” policy). Hebei Province has the largest number of households that have completed the transition from coal to gas. Taking Hebei as a typical area, we construct a resident satisfaction model (RSM) to estimate the effectiveness and sustainability of the “coal-to-gas” policy in North China. We conduct a survey of 6 villages in Hebei Province to provide new evidence on the grassroots implementation effect of the “coal-to-gas” policy and its influencing factors. The results suggest that the overall satisfaction of residents is at a medium level. The influencing factors of resident satisfaction include the heating level, perceived fairness, air quality and subsidy amount, among which residents have the highest satisfaction with the heating level and the lowest satisfaction with the subsidy amount. We also find that resident satisfaction has a significant positive effect on resident trust. Based on the analysis, we propose policy suggestions to further benefit from positive factors and actively manage negative factors.

ACS Style

Shuo Xu; Jianping Ge. Sustainable shifting from coal to gas in North China: An analysis of resident satisfaction. Energy Policy 2020, 138, 111296 .

AMA Style

Shuo Xu, Jianping Ge. Sustainable shifting from coal to gas in North China: An analysis of resident satisfaction. Energy Policy. 2020; 138 ():111296.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shuo Xu; Jianping Ge. 2020. "Sustainable shifting from coal to gas in North China: An analysis of resident satisfaction." Energy Policy 138, no. : 111296.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in 资源科学
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ACS Style

Jianping Ge; Jiaqi Liu. International comparison of critical mineral strategies: Historical evolution and tool selection. 资源科学 2020, 42, 1464 -1476.

AMA Style

Jianping Ge, Jiaqi Liu. International comparison of critical mineral strategies: Historical evolution and tool selection. 资源科学. 2020; 42 (8):1464-1476.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jianping Ge; Jiaqi Liu. 2020. "International comparison of critical mineral strategies: Historical evolution and tool selection." 资源科学 42, no. 8: 1464-1476.

Journal article
Published: 19 October 2019 in International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
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Carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) can capture, transport and store CO2 emitted by high energy consumption enterprises. Therefore, the use of CO2-EOR enhances oil recovery and is also an effective means of reducing CO2 emissions. Currently, energy and environmental assessments of CO2-EOR have been rare in China. In this study, partial life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to evaluate the energy consumption and air emissions gate to grave in a CO2-EOR test station for extralow permeability reservoirs in northern China. The gate to gate of CO2-EOR defines 5 stages: transportation, liquefaction, injection, oil production and recycling. Through the analysis of these stages, the results show that producing one metric ton of crude oil gate to gate consumes 2472.56 kW hours of electricity and emits 2532.63 kilograms of CO2, 74.18 kg of SO2 and 37.38 kg of NOx. Water flooding that occurs under similar geological conditions is selected and compared with CO2-EOR for energy consumption and air emissions. In the case of producing one metric ton of crude oil, CO2-EOR gate to gate consumes more electricity than water flooding gate to gate and emits more CO2, SO2 and NOx. Compared with the amount of CO2 injection, the net CO2 emissions of CO2-EOR gate to gate to produce one metric ton of crude oil are -1675.15 kg, and the net CO2 emissions of water flooding gate to gate to produce one metric ton of crude oil are 775.83 kg. When considering energy consumption in the downstream segments of CO2-EOR, the net CO2 emissions of CO2-EOR gate to grave to produce one metric ton of crude oil are 0.53 metric tons. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the policy implications and sustainable development of CO2-EOR in China.

ACS Style

Yuchen Liu; Jianping Ge; Chunlin Liu; Rongquan He. Evaluating the energy consumption and air emissions of CO2-enhanced oil recovery in China: A partial life cycle assessment of extralow permeability reservoirs. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 2019, 92, 102850 .

AMA Style

Yuchen Liu, Jianping Ge, Chunlin Liu, Rongquan He. Evaluating the energy consumption and air emissions of CO2-enhanced oil recovery in China: A partial life cycle assessment of extralow permeability reservoirs. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. 2019; 92 ():102850.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuchen Liu; Jianping Ge; Chunlin Liu; Rongquan He. 2019. "Evaluating the energy consumption and air emissions of CO2-enhanced oil recovery in China: A partial life cycle assessment of extralow permeability reservoirs." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 92, no. : 102850.

Journal article
Published: 12 March 2019 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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China is accelerating automotive electrification to address the pressing oil shortage and environmental pollution issues. Automotive electrification can be achieved through four different major technology pathways: hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles. These pathways all heavily rely on the use of critical mineral resources, such as rare earth elements (REEs). This study establishes different scenarios of the future technology mix and growth in automotive electrification in China by 2030 to predict the future demand of REEs associated with such scenarios. The widely applied Bass model is chosen to predict the future growth of these four technology pathways for electric vehicles under pessimistic, neutral and optimistic demand scenarios. Given the potential for technological advances, the effects of changes in the material intensity and component substitution are considered to effectively reflect future demand changes. Accordingly, the REE demand associated with the four technology pathways from 2018 to 2030 is estimated. The highest demand for REEs in automotive electrification will reach 315 thousand tons, accounting for 22% of global production during the prediction period. Specifically, the demands for Nd, Dy, Ce, Pr, and La will account for 51%, 20%, 12%, 9.5%, and 7.7% of the total demand, respectively. Moreover, the contrast between the supply and demand of Dy and Pr will be extremely large, and these elements will require more attention than others. For the successful development of automotive electrification in China, related policies and plans regarding the supplies of different types and quantities of REEs should be urgently established.

ACS Style

Xiang-Yang Li; Jian-Ping Ge; Wei-Qiang Chen; Peng Wang. Scenarios of rare earth elements demand driven by automotive electrification in China: 2018–2030. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2019, 145, 322 -331.

AMA Style

Xiang-Yang Li, Jian-Ping Ge, Wei-Qiang Chen, Peng Wang. Scenarios of rare earth elements demand driven by automotive electrification in China: 2018–2030. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2019; 145 ():322-331.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiang-Yang Li; Jian-Ping Ge; Wei-Qiang Chen; Peng Wang. 2019. "Scenarios of rare earth elements demand driven by automotive electrification in China: 2018–2030." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 145, no. : 322-331.

Journal article
Published: 22 January 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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To reduce energy consumption and environmental pollution, the Chinese government is vigorously promoting the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). As one of the first demonstration and promotion cities for EVs in China, Beijing has played an important leading role in the promotion of EVs. Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), this study introduced consumer cognitive status, product perception, and incentive policy measures (non-monetary incentive policy measures and monetary incentive policy measures) to build a purchase intention influence mechanism model for EVs. A questionnaire survey was conducted from March to April of 2018 among potential consumers in Beijing. A total of 502 valid survey responses were obtained, and a structural equation model (SEM) was used for an empirical analysis of the factors influencing EV purchasing intention. The results show that attitude, perceived behavior control, cognitive status, product perception and monetary incentive policy measures have significant positive effects on consumers’ intentions to purchase EVs in Beijing. However, subjective norms and non-monetary incentive policy measures have no significant impact on purchasing intention. In addition, the analysis results of the multi-group SEM show that there are significant differences in demographic variables (gender, age, education level, income, and ownership of cars) in the path of consumer purchase intention. Implications for policy makers and scope for further research are discussed.

ACS Style

Xiangqian Huang; Jianping Ge. Electric vehicle development in Beijing: An analysis of consumer purchase intention. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 216, 361 -372.

AMA Style

Xiangqian Huang, Jianping Ge. Electric vehicle development in Beijing: An analysis of consumer purchase intention. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 216 ():361-372.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiangqian Huang; Jianping Ge. 2019. "Electric vehicle development in Beijing: An analysis of consumer purchase intention." Journal of Cleaner Production 216, no. : 361-372.

Journal article
Published: 02 January 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Both the direct and indirect need of rare earths (RE) are performing important functions in our daily life with their wide use in a range of products. However, previous studies have focused primarily on the direct use of RE and neglected the indirect effect, especially the indirect RE flow between economies. In this paper, we built an embodied rare earths flow network based on the global multi-regional input-output analysis framework and complex network theory, of which the community structure and small world nature are analyzed using complex network theory. We find that world embodied rare earths link network is clearly divided into 2 communities and the network can reveal the small world nature characteristics. Moreover, China, Germany and USA are the three most important economies based on the comprehensive analysis of the network's degree centrality, strength centrality, betweenness centrality and eigenvector centrality on the basis of network centrality theory. Furthermore, we analyze China's embodied RE outflow paths and the degree of dependence on embodied RE for each economy. Finally, some meaningful policy implications are provided.

ACS Style

Xibo Wang; Mingtao Yao; Jiashuo Li; Jianping Ge; Wendong Wei; Bin Wu; Mengying Zhang. Global embodied rare earths flows and the outflow paths of China's embodied rare earths: Combining multi-regional input-output analysis with the complex network approach. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 216, 435 -445.

AMA Style

Xibo Wang, Mingtao Yao, Jiashuo Li, Jianping Ge, Wendong Wei, Bin Wu, Mengying Zhang. Global embodied rare earths flows and the outflow paths of China's embodied rare earths: Combining multi-regional input-output analysis with the complex network approach. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 216 ():435-445.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xibo Wang; Mingtao Yao; Jiashuo Li; Jianping Ge; Wendong Wei; Bin Wu; Mengying Zhang. 2019. "Global embodied rare earths flows and the outflow paths of China's embodied rare earths: Combining multi-regional input-output analysis with the complex network approach." Journal of Cleaner Production 216, no. : 435-445.

Journal article
Published: 06 September 2018 in Science of The Total Environment
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As the largest energy consumer and CO2-emitting country, China is committed to achieving a low-carbon economy (LCE). This study seeks to understand the spatial evolution of China's LCE provinces and determine which sectors could promote the formation of LCE provinces. Multiregional input-output (MRIO) analysis is applied to filter the LCE provinces and the sectoral structure changes behind the LCE in China from 2002 to 2012. The result shows that approximately 30% of the provinces (i.e., Tianjin, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Chongqing) become LCE provinces faster than other provinces from 2002 to 2012, and the location of the LCE provinces gradually shifts from coastal to inland regions after 2007. Some sectors (i.e., nonmetal mining, chemical industry and nonmetal manufacturing) gradually become LCE sectors from 2002 to 2012, and these sectors promote the formation and development of LCE provinces. On this basis, this study proposes policy implications regarding the benchmarking of sectors and a sectoral structure that can promote the formation of LCE provinces.

ACS Style

Xin Yan; Jianping Ge; Yalin Lei; Hongyu Duo. China's low-carbon economic transition: Provincial analysis from 2002 to 2012. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 650, 1050 -1061.

AMA Style

Xin Yan, Jianping Ge, Yalin Lei, Hongyu Duo. China's low-carbon economic transition: Provincial analysis from 2002 to 2012. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 650 ():1050-1061.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xin Yan; Jianping Ge; Yalin Lei; Hongyu Duo. 2018. "China's low-carbon economic transition: Provincial analysis from 2002 to 2012." Science of The Total Environment 650, no. : 1050-1061.

Journal article
Published: 20 August 2018 in Resources Policy
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Rare earths (RE) are critical minerals that are used for economic development. Because it has become increasingly important and widely used, the resource tax has been implemented to solve the negative externality of RE exploitation in China. The resource tax on RE in China has evolved over time and includes three stages: 1) establishment (1993–2010), 2) quantitative changes (2011–2014); and change to a volume-based system and qualitative changes in the ad valorem system (2015 to the present). A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model was developed, and the results show that resource tax reforms would increase the price of RE and curb their production and demand. However, these theoretical market responses were short-lived in reality. For the resource tax reforms to have long-term effects, we must also consider factors such as illegal exploitation, the development of China's domestic RE downstream industries and the emergence of RE alternative products. Finally, additional policies should be formulated that are coordinated with existing policies regarding the resource tax.

ACS Style

Jianping Ge; Yalin Lei. Resource tax on rare earths in China: Policy evolution and market responses. Resources Policy 2018, 59, 291 -297.

AMA Style

Jianping Ge, Yalin Lei. Resource tax on rare earths in China: Policy evolution and market responses. Resources Policy. 2018; 59 ():291-297.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jianping Ge; Yalin Lei. 2018. "Resource tax on rare earths in China: Policy evolution and market responses." Resources Policy 59, no. : 291-297.

Research article
Published: 21 July 2018 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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Investments, especially fixed asset investments, greatly affect carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. When investments are concentrated in regions with high CO2 emissions and high fossil energy consumption, the CO2 emission reduction targets in these areas are difficult to reach in the short term, and the cost of CO2 emission abatement is high. The current CO2 emission regulations focus on existing production activities and consumption behaviors. However, whether an investment, which may affect CO2 emissions in the long term, is effectively inhibited by CO2 emission regulations has not been investigated in previous studies. Using panel data from 30 provinces in China between 2003 and 2012, we tested whether the amount of provincial investment was constrained or promoted by the provincial CO2 emission regulations by creating a panel model with provincial samples. The results revealed that CO2 emission regulations did not inhibit the growth of an investment, but they stimulated investments to varying degrees in different provinces. A relatively positive result is that provinces with stronger CO2 emission regulations exhibited a relatively small contribution to investment promotion, while provinces with weaker CO2 reduction policies demonstrated a relatively large contribution to investment growth. We also found that investment was correlated with the growth rate of the gross domestic product (GDP) in the northeastern and western provinces. Finally, we proposed policy implications based on the utilization of policy tools from the perspectives of investment, energy structure, and local protectionism.

ACS Style

Jianping Ge; Yalin Lei; Qun Xu; Xiangrong Ma. Did carbon dioxide emission regulations inhibit investments? A provincial panel analysis of China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2018, 25, 27297 -27306.

AMA Style

Jianping Ge, Yalin Lei, Qun Xu, Xiangrong Ma. Did carbon dioxide emission regulations inhibit investments? A provincial panel analysis of China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018; 25 (27):27297-27306.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jianping Ge; Yalin Lei; Qun Xu; Xiangrong Ma. 2018. "Did carbon dioxide emission regulations inhibit investments? A provincial panel analysis of China." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25, no. 27: 27297-27306.

Original paper
Published: 17 March 2017 in Natural Hazards
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China is in a phase of rapid urbanization and economic development; in addition, the country’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are increasing. Using a multivariate vector error correction model, this paper investigates the relationship between urbanization, income growth and CO2 emissions in China. The empirical evidence shows that the three variables are cointegrated, indicating a long-term relationship among urbanization, income growth and CO2 emissions. Moreover, a Granger causality test reveals that urbanization is the reason for income growth in China. There is also evidence that both urbanization and income growth lead to CO2 emissions. Hence, authorities should pay more attention to mitigating the negative effects on the environment when developing and implementing policies that promote urbanization and income growth. However, CO2 emissions do not cause changes in income and urbanization in China. Therefore, China should enforce stricter policies for reducing CO2 emissions.

ACS Style

Xiangrong Ma; Jianping Ge; Wei Wang. The relationship between urbanization, income growth and carbon dioxide emissions and the policy implications for China: a cointegrated vector error correction (VEC) analysis. Natural Hazards 2017, 87, 1017 -1033.

AMA Style

Xiangrong Ma, Jianping Ge, Wei Wang. The relationship between urbanization, income growth and carbon dioxide emissions and the policy implications for China: a cointegrated vector error correction (VEC) analysis. Natural Hazards. 2017; 87 (2):1017-1033.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiangrong Ma; Jianping Ge; Wei Wang. 2017. "The relationship between urbanization, income growth and carbon dioxide emissions and the policy implications for China: a cointegrated vector error correction (VEC) analysis." Natural Hazards 87, no. 2: 1017-1033.

Comparative study
Published: 02 March 2017 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study uses a vector autoregression (VAR) model to analyze changes in pollutants among different mining industries and related policy in China from 2001 to 2014. The results show that: (1) because the pertinence of standards for mining waste water and waste gas emissions are not strong and because the maximum permissible discharge pollutant concentrations in these standards are too high, ammonia nitrogen and industrial sulfur dioxide discharges increased in most mining industries; (2) chemical oxygen demand was taken as an indicator of sewage treatment in environmental protection plans; hence, the chemical oxygen demand discharge decreased in all mining industries; (3) tax reduction policies, which are only implemented in coal mining and washing and extraction of petroleum and natural gas, decreased the industrial solid waste discharge in these two mining industries.

ACS Style

Gerui Li; Yalin Lei; Jianping Ge; Sanmang Wu. The Empirical Relationship between Mining Industry Development and Environmental Pollution in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2017, 14, 254 .

AMA Style

Gerui Li, Yalin Lei, Jianping Ge, Sanmang Wu. The Empirical Relationship between Mining Industry Development and Environmental Pollution in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14 (3):254.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gerui Li; Yalin Lei; Jianping Ge; Sanmang Wu. 2017. "The Empirical Relationship between Mining Industry Development and Environmental Pollution in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 3: 254.

Journal article
Published: 13 January 2017 in Energies
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China has become the world’s largest carbon dioxide (CO2) emitter. Sectoral production activities promote economic development while also adding considerably to national CO2 emissions. Due to their different sectoral structures, each region shows different levels of economic development and CO2 emissions. The Chinese government hopes to achieve the dual objectives of economic growth and CO2 emissions reduction by encouraging those sectors that have high economic influence and low environmental influence. Based on the above background, this study constructed an inter-regional sectoral economic influence coefficient (REIC) and a CO2 emissions influence coefficient (RCIC) based on the basic multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model to analyse the economy-carbon nexus of 17 sectors in 30 regions in China in 2010. The results showed that most Chinese sectors and regions had low CO2 emissions influences in 2010. However, some sectors showed negative environmental influences. Specifically, the mining-related sectors showed high CO2 emissions influence with low economic influence. It is encouraging that some light industry and high-end equipment manufacturing sectors had low CO2 emissions influence with high economic influence. For regions, geographic location and past preferential policies are the most important factors influencing local economic growth and CO2 emissions reduction. Most inland regions have low economic influence with high or low CO2 emissions influence. Meanwhile, most coastal regions showed high economic influence with low CO2 emissions influence. Finally, we propose some policy implications for sectors and regions.

ACS Style

Xin Yan; Jianping Ge. The Economy-Carbon Nexus in China: A Multi-Regional Input-Output Analysis of the Influence of Sectoral and Regional Development. Energies 2017, 10, 93 .

AMA Style

Xin Yan, Jianping Ge. The Economy-Carbon Nexus in China: A Multi-Regional Input-Output Analysis of the Influence of Sectoral and Regional Development. Energies. 2017; 10 (1):93.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xin Yan; Jianping Ge. 2017. "The Economy-Carbon Nexus in China: A Multi-Regional Input-Output Analysis of the Influence of Sectoral and Regional Development." Energies 10, no. 1: 93.

Journal article
Published: 07 October 2016 in Resources Policy
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ACS Style

Aiping Han; Jianping Ge; Yalin Lei. Vertical vs. horizontal integration: Game analysis for the rare earth industrial integration in China. Resources Policy 2016, 50, 149 -159.

AMA Style

Aiping Han, Jianping Ge, Yalin Lei. Vertical vs. horizontal integration: Game analysis for the rare earth industrial integration in China. Resources Policy. 2016; 50 ():149-159.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aiping Han; Jianping Ge; Yalin Lei. 2016. "Vertical vs. horizontal integration: Game analysis for the rare earth industrial integration in China." Resources Policy 50, no. : 149-159.

Journal article
Published: 21 September 2016 in Minerals
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The supply of rare earths in China has been the focus of significant attention in recent years. Due to changes in regulatory policies and the development of strategic emerging industries, it is critical to investigate the scenario of rare earth supplies in 2025. To address this question, this paper constructed a dynamic computable equilibrium (DCGE) model to forecast the production, domestic supply, and export of China’s rare earths in 2025. Based on our analysis, production will increase by 10.8%–12.6% and achieve 116,335–118,260 tons of rare-earth oxide (REO) in 2025, based on recent extraction control during 2011–2016. Moreover, domestic supply and export will be 75,081–76,800 tons REO and 38,797–39,400 tons REO, respectively. The technological improvements on substitution and recycling will significantly decrease the supply and mining activities of rare earths. From a policy perspective, we found that the elimination of export regulations, including export quotas and export taxes, does have a negative impact on China’s future domestic supply of rare earths. The policy conflicts between the increase in investment in strategic emerging industries, and the increase in resource and environmental taxes on rare earths will also affect China’s rare earths supply in the future.

ACS Style

Jianping Ge; Yalin Lei; Lianrong Zhao. China’s Rare Earths Supply Forecast in 2025: A Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Analysis. Minerals 2016, 6, 95 .

AMA Style

Jianping Ge, Yalin Lei, Lianrong Zhao. China’s Rare Earths Supply Forecast in 2025: A Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Analysis. Minerals. 2016; 6 (3):95.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jianping Ge; Yalin Lei; Lianrong Zhao. 2016. "China’s Rare Earths Supply Forecast in 2025: A Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Analysis." Minerals 6, no. 3: 95.

Journal article
Published: 03 September 2016 in Energies
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Geothermal energy is one of the cleanest sources of energy which is gaining importance as an alternative to hydrocarbons. Geothermal energy reserves in China are enormous and it has a huge potential for exploitation and utilization. However, the development of the geothermal industry in China lags far behind other renewable energy sources because of the lack of fiscal and taxation policy support. In this paper, we adopt the system dynamics method and use the causal loop diagram to explore the development mechanism of fiscal and taxation policies in the geothermal industry. The effect of the fiscal and taxation policy on the development of the geothermal industry is analyzed. In order to promote sustainable development of the geothermal industry in China, the government should pay more attention to subsidies for the geothermal industry in the life-cycle stage of the geothermal industry. Furthermore, a plan is necessary to provide a reasonable system of fiscal and taxation policies.

ACS Style

Yong Jiang; Yalin Lei; Li Li; Jianping Ge. Mechanism of Fiscal and Taxation Policies in the Geothermal Industry in China. Energies 2016, 9, 709 .

AMA Style

Yong Jiang, Yalin Lei, Li Li, Jianping Ge. Mechanism of Fiscal and Taxation Policies in the Geothermal Industry in China. Energies. 2016; 9 (9):709.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yong Jiang; Yalin Lei; Li Li; Jianping Ge. 2016. "Mechanism of Fiscal and Taxation Policies in the Geothermal Industry in China." Energies 9, no. 9: 709.

Journal article
Published: 08 August 2016 in SpringerPlus
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Jianping Ge; Yalin Lei; Qun Xu; Xibo Wang. Sectoral roles in greenhouse gas emissions and policy implications for energy utilization and carbon emissions trading: a case study of Beijing, China. SpringerPlus 2016, 5, 1 .

AMA Style

Jianping Ge, Yalin Lei, Qun Xu, Xibo Wang. Sectoral roles in greenhouse gas emissions and policy implications for energy utilization and carbon emissions trading: a case study of Beijing, China. SpringerPlus. 2016; 5 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jianping Ge; Yalin Lei; Qun Xu; Xibo Wang. 2016. "Sectoral roles in greenhouse gas emissions and policy implications for energy utilization and carbon emissions trading: a case study of Beijing, China." SpringerPlus 5, no. 1: 1.