Sorption experiments using the Aspergillus niger fungus for cadmium removal were carried out to study the factors influencing and optimizing the biosorption of this metal. The effects of pH, time, biomass concentration, and initial concentration of the heavy metal on the rate of metallic biosorption were examined. An experimental design was also used to determine the values of the under study variables that provided the greatest biosorption efficiency. A technique for biomass recovery was also developed with the objective of determining the capacity of the regenerated biomass to biosorb the metals in solution. This research proved that with a pH of 4.75, a biomass concentration of 0.7 g/L, and a heavy metal concentration varying between 5 and 10 mg/L a biosorption process of biosorption with Aspergillus niger could be successfully used for heavy metal removal from oil field water in the oil industry.

Marine oil spills remain a recurring environmental concern, particularly in coastal and estuarine areas. Among the available strategies for managing spilled oil, sorbents derived from natural fibers have attracted considerable interest as viable alternatives to synthetic materials due to their biodegradability, low cost, and alignment with circular economy principles. This review synthesizes recent advances by connecting technical and environmental aspects with operational applications. It emphasizes structural and surface modifications of lignocellulosic fibers to enhance petroleum sorption capacity, selectivity, buoyancy, and reusability. Physical, chemical, and biological approaches are discussed, focusing on how these modifications influence sorption dynamics under realistic conditions. The review also highlights the incorporation of agricultural and industrial residues as raw materials, along with regeneration and reuse strategies that support waste valorization. However, significant gaps remain, such as the lack of studies with weathered crude oils, the limitation of larger-scale testing, and the need for standardized methods and evaluation of the final fate of exhausted biosorbents. Through the integration of technical, environmental, and operational criteria, this review provides a critical foundation for developing more efficient and circular marine oil spill response technologies.