To explore the phenotypic diversity of jujube germplasm resources and identify superior genotypes, this study systematically evaluated 150 jujube accessions. Multiple organ-related traits—including branches, thorns, bearing shoots, leaves, flowers, and fruits—were investigated. A comprehensive, multidimensional analysis was conducted to assess phenotypic variation and diversity. The results provide valuable insights for germplasm conservation and the selection of elite jujube varieties. The results showed that the variation coefficient of 18 quantitative traits ranged from 5.07% to 21.43%; the variation coefficient of fruit quality traits ranged from 4.25% to 13.48%; and the results of the cluster analysis showed that the germplasm resources were classified into three categories according to the quantitative traits and four categories according to the fruit quality traits. Principal component analysis extracted six significant components for fruit quality traits, accounting for 86.88% of the total variance. Based on the comprehensive evaluation of factor analysis, Sanlengzao, Linyilajiaozao, Zan 2, Jinmanguo, and Jing 39 performed well and ranked high in the comprehensive ranking, which can be used as an important reference for the evaluation of jujube germplasm resources and the selection and breeding of good varieties.