To improve the identification accuracy of leakage layer location in an open-hole well with a distributed fiber optic temperature system, a transient temperature field heat transfer numerical calculation model for bare hole wellbore leakage process was established based on process of the distributed fiber optic open-hole well temperature measurement technology, considering factors such as drilling fluid frictional pressure drop, casing section and bare hole section boundary conditions. The distributed fiber optic test data was compared with the calculation model, and the wellbore calculated temperature distribution was consistent with the test temperature curve, and the temperature characteristics of the leakage layer location were obvious, with a maximum error of less than 5.5%. The calculation results show that when using distributed fiber optic open-hole well leak detection, by extending the continuous injection time of drilling fluid to 30 min and increasing the injection flow rate of drilling fluid by 30 L/s, the temperature at the wellbore leak location reaches 2.7 °C and 6.6 °C, respectively, which can reduce the difficulty of identifying the leak location and improve the accuracy of leak location identification. However, after changing the type of drilling fluid, the calculated wellbore temperature distribution showed a difference of no more than 0.01 °C. When detecting the location of the leakage layer in open-hole wells with high temperature gradients, the temperature difference at the leakage layer is more pronounced, which can reduce the difficulty of leak location via distributed fiber optic system.