Background and Objective: Fibromyalgia is a condition characterised by disabling levels of pain of varying intensity. Aerobic exercise may play a role in reducing pain in these patients. The aim of this review is to assess the dose of aerobic exercise needed, based on the frequency, intensity, type, time, volume and progression (FITT‐VP) model, to obtain clinically relevant reductions in pain.Databases and Data Treatment: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised clinical trials was conducted in the Web of Science (WoS), PEDro, PubMed and Scopus databases, the search having been conducted between July and October of 2023. Risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias assessment tool 2.Results: Seventeen studies were included. The risk of bias varied, with six studies showing low risk; five, some concerns; and six, high risk. Aerobic exercise interventions were analysed using the FITT‐VP model. Frequency ranged from 1 to 10 times per week, intensity varied from light to vigorous, and the types of exercise included music‐based exercise, interval training, pool‐based exercise, stationary cycling, swimming and walking. The intervention durations ranged from 3 to 24 weeks, with session lengths ranging from 10 to 45 min. Most of the studies presented significant differences, favouring aerobic exercise (MD −0.49; CI [−0.90, −0.08; p = 0.02]), with moderate to low heterogeneity in subgroup analyses.Conclusions: The study findings underscore the efficacy of aerobic exercise in alleviating pain among fibromyalgia patients, advocating for tailored exercise dosing to optimise adherence and outcomes.Significance Statement: Individuals with fibromyalgia should engage in aerobic exercises two to three times weekly, for twenty‐five to forty minutes in each session, aiming for more than a hundred minutes per week. They should start at low intensity, gradually increasing to higher intensities over six to twelve weeks, for optimal pain management. Exercise types should be selected in collaboration with the patient and based on personal preferences and accessibility, such as walking, and swimming, to ensure long‐term adherence to the regimen.

Beetroot juice (BJ) has been used as a sport supplement, improving performance in resistance training (RT). However, its effect on the modulation of the autonomic nervous system has not yet been widely studied. Therefore, the objective of this randomized double-blind crossover study was to assess the effect of acute BJ supplementation compared to placebo in blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV) and internal load during RT measure as Root Mean Square of the Successive Differences between adjacent RR intervals Slope (RMSSD and RMSSD-Slope, respectively). Eleven men performed an incremental RT test (three sets at 60%, 70% and 80% of their repetition maximum) composed by back squat and bench press with. HR, HRV and RMSSD-Slope were measured during and post exercise. As the main results, RMSSD during exercise decrease in the BJ group compared to placebo (p = 0.023; ES = 0.999), there were no differences in RMSSD post-exercise, and there were differences in RMSSD-Slope between groups in favor of the BJ group (p = 0.025; ES = 1.104) with a lower internal load. In conclusion, BJ supplementation seems to be a valuable tool for the reduction in the internal load of exercise during RT measured as RMSSD-Slope while enhancing performance.

Objective: To synthesize the current evidence on the cardiovascular effects of electronic cigarettes (ECs) in young adults (18–30 years), distinguishing between acute and chronic exposure, and comparing their effects to conventional tobacco (CT) use. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO: CRD420251072847) was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. A total of 21 studies (12 RCTs, 8 case–control, 1 cohort) involving 17241 participants were included. Results: Acute EC use, particularly with nicotine, significantly increased systolic blood pressure (SBP: MD = 3.14 mmHg, 95% CI: 0.76 to 5.52), diastolic blood pressure (DBP: MD = 2.05 mmHg, 95% CI: 0.85 to 3.25), and heart rate (HR: MD = 4.23 bpm, 95% CI: 2.10 to 6.37), with effects most pronounced at 0 min post-exposure and dissipating within 1 h. Chronic EC use was associated with reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation and early atherosclerotic changes. Nicotine-free ECs induced fewer cardiovascular alterations. Comparisons with CT revealed less severe cardiovascular damage with ECs, though still significant when compared to non-smokers. Conclusion: Nicotine-containing EC use in young individuals is associated with modest, predominantly acute and dose-dependent, cardiovascular effects, including transient increases in BP and HR. While initially less harmful than CT, the evidence is largely from cross-sectional studies and acute use, so ECs cannot be considered safe and their use warrants caution in youth.

Fibromyalgia is a disabling condition affecting 2-4% of the global population, mostly in females. Resistance exercise has been increasingly recommended as part of non-pharmacological management for persons with fibromyalgia. However, the optimal dose remains unclear. To determine the overall effect of resistance exercise on pain intensity using the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) among individuals with fibromyalgia, and to explore resistance exercise dose parameters associated with clinically meaningful improvements, and to assess dose-response associations between resistance exercise and these outcomes. Following PRISMA guidelines, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified in PubMed, Web of Science, PEDro, and Scopus up to July 2025. Studies were selected according to PICOs criteria if they involved participants diagnosed with fibromyalgia, reported pain, or FIQ scores, following a resistance exercise intervention. The mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated. Exercise prescription characteristics were examined using subgroup analysis, whereas dose-response associations were explored through meta-regression. Fourteen RCTs, including 871 participants (all females), met the inclusion criteria. Resistance exercise significantly reduced pain intensity (MD -0.83, 95% CI -1.50 to -0.19; P = 0.003) and disease impact (MD -8.78, 95% CI -13.39 to -4.18; P < 0.001) compared with other interventions or control groups. Subgroup analyses suggested that clinically relevant improvements were observed in programs performed 2 to 3 times per week, using progressive approaches and external resistance, including free weights, machines, or elastic bands. Meta-regression analyses suggested that higher exercise intensity, greater weekly volume, and interventions lasting approximately 12 weeks were associated with larger improvements in pain and FIQ scores. Resistance exercise may be an effective strategy for reducing pain intensity and the impact of the disease in fibromyalgia when appropriately prescribed and progressed over time. Exercise programs should be individualized, emphasizing personal preferences to maximize long-term adherence and benefits.

Introduction: Mental disorders, particularly depression and anxiety, represent a leading source of morbidity and disability in young adults, a group increasingly exposed to cumulative psychological processes and environmental stressors. Although evidence links healthy dietary patterns with improved mental health symptoms, the specific contribution of nut consumption (rich in anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective compounds) remains insufficiently examined in this population. Current evidence also lacks robust data on the dose–response effects of nut consumption and mechanistic pathways involving biomarkers relevant to brain function and mental health. The Nuts4Brain-RCT will investigate the impact of a 6-month mixed-nut consumption intervention on mental health symptoms, cognitive functioning, sleep quality, overall well-being, health-related quality of life, and biochemical brain function mediators in young adults. Methods and analysis: A 6-month, randomized, single-blinded, three-arm, dose–response, parallel-group clinical trial will be conducted with 135 university students aged 18–24 years from the University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain. The participants will be randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to one of three groups: (1) a control group maintaining their habitual diet while avoiding nut consumption; (2) a 30 g/day mixed-nut consumption group; or (3) a 60 g/day mixed-nut consumption group. The nut consumption intervention will include unsalted, unroasted walnuts, almonds, hazelnuts, and pistachios. The primary outcomes will include depressive (BDI-II) and anxiety (GAD-7) symptoms, perceived stress (PSS-10), cognitive performance (NIH Toolbox), and plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Assessments will take place at baseline and at 3 (intermediate), 6 (end of intervention) and 12 months (follow-up). Repeated-measures mixed-effects models will be applied to estimate the effects of nut consumption and dosage on mental health outcomes. Ethics and dissemination: The study adheres to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Singapore Statement on Research Integrity and obtained approval from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Virgen de la Luz Hospital, Cuenca, Spain (REG: 2025/E0125). The findings will be disseminated through high-impact open-access peer-reviewed publications, presentations at scientific conferences, and social media platforms. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier: NCT07292610.

Objetivo: Analizar la efectividad que tiene el ejercicio terapéutico de alta intensidad sobre las cefaleas primarias. Métodos: La búsqueda de los artículos se realizó utilizando las bases de datos electrónicas Medline, Scielo y EBSCO. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: estudios clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) controlados, realizados en pacientes con cefaleas primarias y donde la intervención terapéutica contenga ejercicio de alta intensidad. Dos investigadores realizaron el análisis de la calidad metodológica mediante la escala PEDro. Resultados: Fueron seleccionados 6 ECA, de una calidad metodológica aceptable. Los 6 ECA seleccionados obtuvieron mejorías para la reducción de la duración, intensidad y para el número de episodios de migraña de los pacientes. El ejercicio de alta intensidad posee efectos positivos significativos en la modalidad de ejercicio aeróbico. Sin embargo, el ejercicio de fuerza con resistencia genera una evidencia conflictiva entre los estudios analizados. Además, dentro del ejercicio aeróbico de alta intensidad, la modalidad de entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad (HIT) muestra una evidencia de nivel moderado en la reducción de la frecuencia, intensidad y duración de los episodios migrañosos. Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos arrojan una evidencia fuerte para el uso de ejercicio aeróbico continuo y moderada para el uso de ejercicio aeróbico por intervalos de alta intensidad, mientras que se encuentran hallazgos conflictivos para el uso de ejercicio contra resistencia, para la reducción de la frecuencia e intensidad del dolor en pacientes con cefalea primaria.