Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus whose infection in humans can lead to severe outcomes. This article reviews studies reporting the anti-ZIKV activity of natural products (NPs) and derivatives published from 1997 to 2022, which were carried out with NPs obtained from plants (82.4%) or semisynthetic/synthetic derivatives, fungi (3.1%), bacteria (7.6%), animals (1.2%) and marine organisms (1.9%) along with miscellaneous compounds (3.8%). Classes of NPs reported to present anti-ZIKV activity include polyphenols, triterpenes, alkaloids, and steroids, among others. The highest values of the selectivity index, the ratio between cytotoxicity and antiviral activity (SI = CC₅₀/EC₅₀), were reported for epigallocatechin gallate (SI ≥ 25,000) and anisomycin (SI ≥ 11,900) obtained from Streptomyces bacteria, dolastane (SI = 1246) isolated from the marine seaweed Canistrocarpus cervicorni, and the flavonol myricetin (SI ≥ 862). NPs mostly act at the stages of viral adsorption and internalization in addition to presenting virucidal effect. The data demonstrate the potential of NPs for developing new anti-ZIKV agents and highlight the lack of studies addressing their molecular mechanisms of action and pre-clinical studies of efficacy and safety in animal models. To the best of our knowledge, none of the active compounds has been submitted to clinical studies.

Background The behavior of bees results in important natural products such as honey, propolis, wax, beeswax, bee pollen, royal jelly and bee venom. Sometimes, the terms propolis, geopropolis and cerumen are used interchangably despite some diferences. Objective. To discuss the commonalities and differences between substances referred to as propolis, cerumen and geopropolis respectively and to provide an overview of their bioactvities, medicinal uses and also their chemical composition to assist with a more consistent use of these terms into the future. Methodology. Scientific articles related to these three bee substances, published between 2019 and 2024, were reviewed. Results and Discussion. The main differences related to the use of the three terms relate to the bee species involved in their production and also their chemical characteristics. Propolis is produced by Apis mellifera bees, whereas native bees produce cerumen, that sometimes is also referred to as geopropolis, depending on the presence of soil components. All three bee products, propolis, geopropolis and cerumen, have medicinal applications and are also used in the food and cosmetic industry. Conclusion: Based on a review of their typical charactristics, this study creates the foundation for a more consistent use in the future of the terms propolis, geopropolis and cerumen, which are important bee derived natural products. Based on the findings of this study it is also suggested that future research should aim to further improve knowledge of the nutrient content and presence of bioactive compounds in these popular bee products.