Learning efficiency in a university context is predicated on a conducive learning environment. This in turn requires settings offering thermal comfort. In this study, we experimentally explored the relationship between the thermal environment of colleges and universities in hot-summer and cold-winter regions on the thermal comfort and learning efficiency of Chinese college students. Findings are intriguing in that temperatures delivering optimal thermal comfort and optimal learning efficiency differ. Specifically: (1) Students generally feel most comfortable when the room temperature is approximately 24 °C; (2) Combined studies comparing temperature on thermal comfort and learning efficiency found that college students learn better in slightly colder environments; (3) Based on the comprehensive value of satisfying the best thermal comfort and high learning efficiency, the optimal temperature range is 20.6 °C to 22.2 °C.