Full-endoscopic lumbar discectomy (FELD) has emerged over time as a minimally invasive alternative to conventional microdiscectomy. This narrative review summarizes the available evidence regarding the evolution, indications, techniques, and outcomes of FELD, with a particular focus on how different types of lumbar disc herniations influence the choice of surgical approach. The literature indicates that the transforaminal approach is most suitable for foraminal and upper lumbar disc herniations, whereas the interlaminar approach is preferred for central or migrated L5–S1 herniations due to the larger interlaminar window at this level. Unilateral biportal endoscopy (UBE) provides better flexibility, visualization, and instrument maneuverability, making it particularly useful in certain cases. Reported complication rates remain low overall but vary according to surgical technique and surgeon experience. The learning curve for FELD typically ranges from approximately 20 to over 50 cases, depending on the approach and individual proficiency. Overall, full-endoscopic techniques are redefining the management of lumbar disc herniations by offering less invasive alternatives with favourable clinical outcomes, and their role is expected to expand further as both technology and surgical expertise continue to evolve.

Introduction: Intertrochanteric fractures are very common injuries in the elderly population and are typically managed with cephalomedullary nailing. Even though this approach generally has successful outcomes, complications like implant failure or peri-implant fractures could still occur, especially in osteoporotic patients. Case Presentation: An 87-year-old female with a previously operated intertrochanteric femoral fracture presented with a subcapital femoral neck fracture combined with breakage of the cephalic lag screw. Imaging showed no signs of non-union or malalignment in the pertrochanteric region. Management: The patient underwent cemented dual mobility total hip arthroplasty after removal of the broken lag screw and cephalomedullary nail. Intraoperatively, a distal femoral spiral fracture occurred. This was stabilized with lag screws and a locking plate. The patient recovered uneventfully and returned to full weight-bearing 3 months postoperatively. Conclusion: This case highlights a rare complication and presents a therapeutic approach in the context of contemporary literature.

Giant lumbar disc herniations can produce severe sciatica and neurological deficits, in both acute and chronic stages, potentially resulting in symptoms of cauda equina syndrome, depending on their specific location.

BACKGROUND Achondroplasia is an autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia and the most common genetic cause of dwarfism, characterized by shortened pedicles, thickened laminae, and reduced interpedicular distances that lead to congenital narrowing of the spinal canal. These anatomical abnormalities frequently result in lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) requiring surgical management. Surgical treatment typically involves decompression of neural elements, with or without fusion, to restore canal patency and prevent postoperative deformity. However, adjusting the surgical approach to the unique anatomical constraints of achondroplasia remains critical for optimizing clinical outcomes. CASE REPORT We present a rare case of a 55-year-old woman with achondroplasia who presented with a 5-year history of progressively worsening low back pain, bilateral foot drop, and neurogenic claudication after walking short distances. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated critical lumbar spinal stenosis at L2-L3, L3-L4, and L4-L5. She underwent multilevel laminectomy under general anesthesia with intraoperative fluoroscopic guidance and high magnification. Postoperatively, she was mobilized within 3 hours and discharged the same day without complications. At 4-week follow-up, the muscle strength of the anterior tibialis and quadriceps had improved to 4/5 on the MRC scale, patellar reflexes were normalized, and lower-limb sensation showed marked recovery. CONCLUSIONS This case highlights the importance of intraoperative precision and an appropriate surgical approach in managing lumbar spinal stenosis associated with achondroplasia. Decision-making, detailed preoperative planning with assessment of imaginary findings, intraoperative use of microsurgical techniques, and postoperative care are important in minimizing complications and optimizing clinical outcomes.

Background: Post-traumatic elbow stiffness in adolescents is a complex challenge that requires individualized treatment approaches. While open arthrolysis remains the most commonly used technique, arthroscopic techniques have emerged as a promising alternative with potential advantages in this younger population. This narrative review aims to emphasize the advantages of arthroscopic arthrolysis over the open approach in the adolescent patient. In addition, we explore how differences in etiology, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment response between adolescents and adults influence decision-making and outcomes. Methods: A narrative review of the current literature on post-traumatic elbow stiffness in adolescents was conducted. Clinical studies, previous reviews, and recent advancements were analyzed. Clinical examples from our center were also presented. Results: Arthroscopic arthrolysis was associated with improved range of motion, faster recovery, and lower complication rates in selected patients. However, open arthrolysis remains superior in cases with severe deformity, heterotopic ossification, or prior surgical history. In our experience, the indications for arthroscopic arthrolysis can be expanded when performed by experienced surgeons. Conclusion: Even though open arthrolysis remains the gold standard for complex elbow stiffness, arthroscopic approaches show promising outcomes in adolescents and could be used more widely in centers with sufficient expertise.