Despite decades of research, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains without a curative therapy. While amyloid- and tau-centered approaches have dominated the field, failures of monotherapeutic strategies underscore the need for a broader system-level understanding. Here, this review critically revisits the principal hypotheses of AD pathogenesis, including the amyloid cascade, tauopathy, neuroinflammation, cholinergic dysfunction, oxidative and mitochondrial stress, metal dyshomeostasis, autophagy–lysosomal failure, genetic susceptibility, and infectious triggers. This review synthesizes molecular and cellular evidence from human genetics, neuropathology, and experimental models, correcting common misconceptions and emphasizing interactions between pathways. Neuroinflammation is increasingly recognized as a central hub linking amyloid, tau, and vascular factors, while mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunctions emerge as amplifiers of proteotoxic stress. Genetic studies highlight apolipoprotein-E ε4 (APOE ε4) as the strongest common risk allele, but also implicate genes involved in endosomal trafficking, lipid metabolism, and immune regulation. Taken together, AD is best understood as a multi-hit disorder in which converging processes, rather than a single driver, dictate disease initiation and progression. This narrative review proposes a systems neurobiology framework that integrates these mechanisms and identifies key points of convergence amenable to therapeutic targeting and biomarker development. Finally, this reappraisal aims to inform future research directions and guide the rational design of multi-target interventions.

Multifaceted Usage of HPV Related Tests and Products in the Management of Cervical Cancer - a Review HPV;DNA test;triage;cervical intraepithelial lesion;cervical cancer; HPV viruses are integral to the development of cervical cancer. The pathogenesis has been extensively studied. To date, numerous HPV tests and products have been developed and successfully utilized in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cervical cancer. The HPV DNA test, when combined with other routine cervical cancer screening and diagnostic tests namely exfoliative cytology, visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and colposcopy has increased the detection rate of cervical cancer. HPV DNA products could also be measured in other body fluids like urine, lymph node tissue, and serum. HPV association could also be quantified by measuring other parameters like HPV mRNA, viral load, viral integration and methylation status. Vaccination against HPV has been found to decrease the incidence of cervical cancer. Further, therapeutic vaccines for cervical cancer against HPV continue to evolve. All these findings pertaining to HPV could possibly decrease the incidence of cervical cancer in the near future. This review aims to give an overview of the HPV tests and products in use and those under trial currently.

Lung cancer is a disease with higher death rates and is responsible for around 2 million deaths per year worldwide. Recently, several breakthroughs have been made in the field of lung cancer that has led to a revolution in the management of lung cancer patients. Identification of molecular markers and the implication of respective targeted therapies has been a great success in the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma patients. Despite the fact that targeted therapy of lung adenocarcinomas represents one of the significant milestones in the treatment of lung cancer that resulted in increased survival rates even in advanced stages, the mortality rates of lung cancer still remain to be significantly high. This warrants further research for gaining better insights into molecular alterations that can lead to newer innovations in targeted drug therapy towards lung adenocarcinoma. In this review, we briefly summarized the literature on molecular markers that are already in use. We also consolidated newer molecular markers that are under study with the potential for being targeted for therapies in future.

Chronic wounds are wounds that fail to progress through the normal stages of healing and remain open for an extended period of time. These wounds often require specialized treatment approaches. While the genes involved in wound healing play important roles in chronic wound treatment as well, the specific genetic factors contributing to chronic wounds are still being studied. Some of the genes and genetic factors that have been implicated in chronic wound healing and their potential for treatment include Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) Family, Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), Transforming Growth Factor-Alpha (TGF-α), Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) and Wound-Healing-Associated microRNAs. It's important to note that chronic wounds are multifactorial, and their treatment requires a comprehensive approach addressing various factors beyond genetic factors alone. Other aspects such as underlying medical conditions, infection, local wound environment, and patient-specific factors also play crucial roles in chronic wound management.