The cultivation of lettuce in greenhouses is negatively impacted by high temperatures, especially in hot climates. Therefore, developing an efficient method to regulate the internal temperature of greenhouses is essential to sustain crop productivity throughout the year. This study intends to investigate differential temperature control systems for green romaine lettuce production in the greenhouse. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five replications. The four treatments consisted of (1) control, (2) Fogging + ventilation fan, (3) Fogging + shading, and (4) Fogging + ventilation fan + shading. The different temperature control systems influenced the growth and yield parameters, in which shading operation appears to cause reductions in photosynthetic rate, leading to declines of marketable fresh weight. However, the operation of the fogging and ventilation fan was considered the appropriate method for improving indoor air temperature since this resulted in higher growth and yield and a greater sensory evaluation. Maintaining VPD values between 1.62 and 1.76 kPa and controlling light intensity within the 530–700 mol m⁻² s⁻¹ range were recommended to ensure a consistent lettuce yield of 65–82 g plant⁻¹ throughout the year.

To optimize the quality and quantity of basil cultivars, this study investigated four varieties of nutrient-rich growing media compared with chemical fertilizers at the recommended dose in the soil-grown system, and commercial growing media (control) for producing holy basil and Genovese basil under greenhouse conditions. The experiment used a completely randomized design (CRD) with six treatments and five replications. With greater levels of chlorophyll, T3 and T4 growing media, consisting of top soil, filter cake, long-term/short-term composted chicken manure, coconut coir dust, and rice husk ash at a ratio of 3:2:2:1.5:1.5 v/v, produced the largest fresh yield when used for holy basil and Genovese basil productions, respectively. However, the net profit margin showed no discernible variations from T3–T5 and T2–T6 growing media, respectively. Nevertheless, T3 or T4 and T4 growing media were recommended for holy basil and Genovese basil production, respectively, based on highest productivity and intricacy of preparation, while also ensuring that the product retains its quality in terms of antioxidant bioactive components. In addition to maintaining the biomass of basil plants’ productivity even when they are cultivated in appropriate growing media, Genovese basil needs to be fertilized with organic fertilizer, like chicken manure, following the fifth or sixth harvesting period. Holy basil should be harvested after the fourth harvest period.

This study evaluated the effects of growing media and fertilizer applications on greenhouse strawberry cultivars ‘Pharachatan 80’ and ‘US Jumbo’ using a 4 × 3 factorial in CRD with five replications. Growing media comprised sand (S), coconut coir dust (C), and cow manure (M) in varying ratios (1:1, 1:1:1, 1:1:2, and 1:1:3 v/v), paired with no chemical fertilizer (NCF), a half-recommended dose (½ RDCF), or a full recommended dose of chemical fertilizer (RDCF). Results revealed that unamended substrate (S:C = 1:1 v/v) under NCF severely constrained crop performance. Conversely, integrating cow manure with chemical fertilizers significantly enhanced vegetative growth and yield attributes. Specifically, S:C:M 1:1:1 v/v combined with ½ RDCF optimized total marketable yield, increased the proportion of Grade 2–4 fruits, and improved fruit quality across both cultivars. However, elevated temperatures in tropical lowland greenhouses constrained fruit enlargement, resulting in ≥70% Low-Grade fruits (<7.0 g). Correlation and principal component analyses confirmed that balanced root-zone management mitigates severe nutrient stress. Overall, S:C:M 1:1:1 v/v with ½ RDCF represents the most effective strategy for tropical greenhouse strawberry cultivation, although implementing microclimate cooling or exogenous biostimulants remains necessary to overcome high-temperature limitations.