Background and Objectives: Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is influenced by various causes, including thyroid diseases. For example, hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity can damage the inner ear through hormonal, immune, and vascular mechanisms. Vestibular disorders like Ménière’s disease (MD) and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) also show possible associations with thyroid dysfunction. Materials and Methods: A review following PRISMA guidelines searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for studies linking thyroid disorders with inner ear dysfunction. Results: Out of 985 screened records, 30 studies met inclusion criteria, involving various thyroid disorders, primarily hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis. Scientific evidence supports a correlation between hypothyroidism and hearing impairment. However, some studies also suggest a link between hyperthyroidism and inner ear disorders, particularly focusing on the role of autoimmunity in this context. Concerning vestibular dysfunction, the available studies are less abundant and support a significant association between thyroid disease and Meniere’s disease. Conclusions: There is a clear correlation between hypothyroidism and auditory function. A substantial body of literature also supports an association with vestibular disorders, although some discrepancies remain. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms (e.g., autoimmune, vascular, metabolic) involved with this correlation.

Objectives: The application of fasciocutaneous free flaps for reconstruction of head and neck defects following oncological surgery has increased since the 1970s, coinciding with developments in microvascular techniques. Although reported success rates are between 90% and 99%, flap failure continues to occur, most frequently due to venous congestion. This study examines the rates of re-exploration and flap failure according to the number of venous anastomoses in patients receiving free flap reconstruction after head and neck cancer surgery. Materials and Methods: This retrospective analysis included 163 patients who underwent head and neck reconstruction with free flaps (radial forearm free flap [RFFF] and anterolateral thigh flap [ALTF]) at the University Hospital of Verona between January 2019 and June 2024. Variables examined comprised the type of flap performed, donor and recipient vessels utilized, and number of venous anastomoses, as well as the type (end-to-end [ETE] versus end-to-side [ETS]) and site (internal jugular vein versus external jugular vein) of venous anastomosis. Results: The overall success rate was 93.3%, with no significant difference between single and dual venous anastomosis groups. Prompt re-exploration upon detecting signs of flap failure is critical, as approximately one-third of such failures may be prevented through timely intervention. Conclusions: Single venous end-to-end anastomosis utilizing the internal jugular vein system is typically effective. Further research is warranted to clarify the indications for dual anastomosis involving the external jugular vein system.

Background: Low‐flow vascular malformations (LFVMs) of the head and neck, including venous and lymphatic malformations, represent a heterogeneous group of congenital anomalies frequently requiring intervention due to functional and esthetic impairment. Percutaneous sclerotherapy has emerged as a first‐line treatment; however, no consensus exists regarding the optimal sclerosant, and all agents are associated with potential complications. This systematic review aims to evaluate and compare the safety profiles of commonly used sclerosing agents in the management of LFVMs of the head and neck. Methods: A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for studies published between 2005 and 2025 reporting complications of sclerotherapy for LFVMs of the head and neck. Inclusion criteria comprised clinical studies with patients treated with intralesional sclerotherapy as a single modality and reporting treatment‐related complications. Data extraction focused on type of malformation, sclerosant used, number of sessions, and complication rates per session. Complications were categorized as local or systemic and further stratified into minor and major events. Results: A total of 64 studies encompassing 2508 patients and 5193 sclerotherapy sessions were included. The overall complication rate was 11.2% per session, with the majority being minor local events (8.8%). Bleomycin was the most frequently used agent (1516 sessions; 13.5% complication rate), predominantly associated with mild local and systemic inflammatory reactions. Ethanol (1072 sessions; 9%) demonstrated higher rates of major local complications (1.7%), including tissue necrosis and permanent nerve injury, as well as systemic effects such as hemoglobinuria and rare cardiopulmonary events. Sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) (1061 sessions; 9.5%) showed a moderate complication profile but carried risks of necrosis and airway edema. Polidocanol (860 sessions; 4.2%) and doxycycline (158 sessions; 3.8%) exhibited the most favorable safety profiles, with no major complications reported. Ethanolamine oleate had the highest complication rate (20.2%), including significant local adverse events. Conclusions: Sclerotherapy for LFVMs of the head and neck is generally safe, with most complications being minor and self‐limiting. However, the safety profile varies significantly among sclerosants. Given the absence of standardized guidelines and comparative efficacy data, safety considerations should play a central role in sclerosant selection.