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R. John Milne
David D. Reh School of Business, Clarkson University, 333 B.H. Snell Hall, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA

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Journal article
Published: 26 March 2021 in Symmetry
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The social distancing imposed by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has affected people’s everyday lives and has resulted in companies changing the way they conduct business. The airline industry has been continually adapting since the novel coronavirus appeared. A series of airlines have changed their airplane boarding and passenger seat allocation process to increase their passengers’ safety. Many suggest a minimum social distance among passengers in the aisle while boarding. Some airlines have reduced their airplanes’ capacities by keeping the middle seats empty. Recent literature indicates that the Reverse Pyramid boarding method provides favorable values for boarding time and passenger health metrics when compared to other boarding methods. This paper analyses the extent to which aisle social distancing, the quantity of carry-on luggage, and an airline’s relative preferences for different performance metrics influence the optimal number of passengers to board the airplane in each of three boarding groups when the Reverse Pyramid method is used and the middle seats are empty. We also investigate the resulting impact on the average boarding time and health risks to boarding passengers. We use an agent-based model and stochastic simulation approach to evaluate various levels of aisle social distancing among passengers and the quantity of luggage carried aboard the airplane. When minimizing boarding time is the primary objective of an airline, for a given value of aisle social distance, decreasing the carry-on luggage volumes increases the optimal number of boarding group 1 passengers and decreases the optimal number of group 2 passengers with aisle seats; for a given volume of luggage, an increase in aisle social distance is associated with more passengers in group 1 and more aisle seat passengers in group 2. When minimizing the health risk to aisle seat passengers or to window seat passengers, the optimal solution results from assigning an equal number of window seat passengers to groups 1 and 2 and an equal number of aisle seat passengers to groups 2 and 3. This solution is robust to changes in luggage volume and the magnitude of aisle social distance. Furthermore, across all luggage and aisle social distancing scenarios, the solution reduces the health risk to aisle seat passengers between 22.76% and 35.31% while increasing average boarding time by less than 3% in each scenario.

ACS Style

Liviu-Adrian Cotfas; R. Milne; Camelia Delcea; Corina Ioanăș. An Investigation of Social Distancing and Quantity of Luggage Impacts on the Three Groups Reverse Pyramid Boarding Method. Symmetry 2021, 13, 544 .

AMA Style

Liviu-Adrian Cotfas, R. Milne, Camelia Delcea, Corina Ioanăș. An Investigation of Social Distancing and Quantity of Luggage Impacts on the Three Groups Reverse Pyramid Boarding Method. Symmetry. 2021; 13 (4):544.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liviu-Adrian Cotfas; R. Milne; Camelia Delcea; Corina Ioanăș. 2021. "An Investigation of Social Distancing and Quantity of Luggage Impacts on the Three Groups Reverse Pyramid Boarding Method." Symmetry 13, no. 4: 544.

Earlycite article
Published: 11 March 2021 in Grey Systems: Theory and Application
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Purpose The airline industry has been significantly hit by the occurrence of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, facing one of its worst crises in history. In this context, the present paper analyses one of the well-known boarding methods used in practice by the airlines before and during the coronavirus outbreak, namely back-to-front and suggests which variations of this method to use when three passenger boarding groups are considered and a jet bridge connects the airport terminal with the airplane. Design/methodology/approach Based on the importance accorded by the airlines to operational performance, health risks, and passengers' comfort, the variations in three passenger groups back-to-front boarding are divided into three clusters using the grey clustering approach offered by the grey systems theory. Findings Having the clusters based on the selected metrics and considering the social distance among the passengers, airlines can better understand how the variations in back-to-front perform in the new conditions imposed by the novel coronavirus and choose the boarding approach that better fits its policy and goals. Originality/value The paper combines the advantages offered by grey clustering and agent-based modelling for offering to determine which are the best configurations that offer a reduced boarding time, while accounting for reduced passengers' health risk, measured through three indicators: aisle risk, seat risk and type-3 seat interferences and for an increased comfort for the passengers manifested through a continuous walking flow while boarding.

ACS Style

Camelia Delcea; Liviu-Adrian Cotfas; R. John Milne; Naiming Xie; Rafał Mierzwiak. Grey clustering of the variations in the back-to-front airplane boarding method considering COVID-19 flying restrictions. Grey Systems: Theory and Application 2021, ahead-of-p, 1 .

AMA Style

Camelia Delcea, Liviu-Adrian Cotfas, R. John Milne, Naiming Xie, Rafał Mierzwiak. Grey clustering of the variations in the back-to-front airplane boarding method considering COVID-19 flying restrictions. Grey Systems: Theory and Application. 2021; ahead-of-p (ahead-of-p):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Camelia Delcea; Liviu-Adrian Cotfas; R. John Milne; Naiming Xie; Rafał Mierzwiak. 2021. "Grey clustering of the variations in the back-to-front airplane boarding method considering COVID-19 flying restrictions." Grey Systems: Theory and Application ahead-of-p, no. ahead-of-p: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2021 in INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics
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This special issue of the INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics (formerly Interfaces) is devoted to the finalists of the 49th annual competition for the Franz Edelman Award for Achievement in Advanced Analytics, Operations Research, and Management Science, the profession’s most prestigious award for deployed work. As in previous years, the finalists this year cover a wide range of industries and functions.

ACS Style

Pooja Dewan; R. John Milne. Introduction: 2020 Franz Edelman Award for Achievement in Advanced Analytics, Operations Research, and Management Science. INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics 2021, 51, 6 -8.

AMA Style

Pooja Dewan, R. John Milne. Introduction: 2020 Franz Edelman Award for Achievement in Advanced Analytics, Operations Research, and Management Science. INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics. 2021; 51 (1):6-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pooja Dewan; R. John Milne. 2021. "Introduction: 2020 Franz Edelman Award for Achievement in Advanced Analytics, Operations Research, and Management Science." INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics 51, no. 1: 6-8.

Journal article
Published: 09 December 2020 in Symmetry
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The onset of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2 has changed many aspects of people’s economic and social activities. For many airlines, social distancing has reduced airplane capacity by one third as a result of keeping the middle seats empty. Additionally, social distancing between passengers traversing the aisle slows the boarding process. Recent literature has suggested that the reverse pyramid boarding method provides favorable values for boarding time and passenger health metrics when compared to other boarding methods with social distancing. Assuming reverse pyramid boarding with the middle seats unoccupied, we determined the number of passengers to include in each of three boarding groups. We assumed that passengers use a jet-bridge that connects the airport terminal to the airplane’s front door. We used agent-based modeling and a stochastic simulation to evaluate solutions. A full grid search found an initial good solution, and then local search optimization determined the best solution based upon the airline’s relative preference for minimizing average boarding time and minimizing risks to previously seated passengers from later-boarding, potentially contagious passengers breathing near them. The resulting solution contained the number of passengers to place into each of the three boarding groups. If an airline is most concerned about the health risk to seated passengers from later boarding passengers walking near them, the best three-group reverse pyramid method adapted for social distancing will first board passengers with window seats in the rear half of the airplane, then will board passengers with window seats in the front half of the airplane and those with aisle seats in the rear half of the airplane, and finally will board the passengers with aisle seats in the front half of the airplane. The resulting solution takes about 2% longer to board than the three-group solution that minimizes boarding time while providing a 25% decrease in health risk to aisle seat passengers from later boarding passengers.

ACS Style

Camelia Delcea; R. John Milne; Liviu-Adrian Cotfas. Determining the Number of Passengers for Each of Three Reverse Pyramid Boarding Groups with COVID-19 Flying Restrictions. Symmetry 2020, 12, 2038 .

AMA Style

Camelia Delcea, R. John Milne, Liviu-Adrian Cotfas. Determining the Number of Passengers for Each of Three Reverse Pyramid Boarding Groups with COVID-19 Flying Restrictions. Symmetry. 2020; 12 (12):2038.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Camelia Delcea; R. John Milne; Liviu-Adrian Cotfas. 2020. "Determining the Number of Passengers for Each of Three Reverse Pyramid Boarding Groups with COVID-19 Flying Restrictions." Symmetry 12, no. 12: 2038.

Journal article
Published: 26 October 2020 in Safety Science
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Airlines have recently instituted practices to reduce the risk of their passengers becoming infected with the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Some airlines block their airplanes’ middle seats to preserve social distancing among seated passengers. In this context, we present six new boarding methods and compare their performance with that of the two best boarding methods used to date with social distancing. We evaluate the eight boarding methods using three performance metrics related to passenger health and one operational metric (airplane boarding time) for a one-door airplane. The three health metrics reflect the risks of virus spread by passengers through the air and surfaces (e.g. headrests and seat arms) and consider the amount of aisle social distancing between adjacent boarding passengers walking towards their seats. For an airline that highly values the avoidance of window seat risk, the best method to use is one of the new methods: back-to-front by row – WilMA, though it will result in a longer time to complete boarding of the airplane. Airlines placing greater emphasis on fast boarding times— while still providing favorable values for the health metrics—will be best served by using new methods back-to-front by row – WilMA – offset 2 and – offset 3 when aisle social distancing is 1 m and 2 m respectively.

ACS Style

R. John Milne; Camelia Delcea; Liviu-Adrian Cotfas. Airplane boarding methods that reduce risk from COVID-19. Safety Science 2020, 134, 105061 .

AMA Style

R. John Milne, Camelia Delcea, Liviu-Adrian Cotfas. Airplane boarding methods that reduce risk from COVID-19. Safety Science. 2020; 134 ():105061.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. John Milne; Camelia Delcea; Liviu-Adrian Cotfas. 2020. "Airplane boarding methods that reduce risk from COVID-19." Safety Science 134, no. : 105061.

Journal article
Published: 11 September 2020 in Journal of Air Transport Management
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This paper addresses the airplane passengers’ seat assignment problem while practicing social distancing among passengers. We proposed a mixed integer programming model to assign passengers to seats on an airplane in a manner that will respect two types of social distancing. One type of social distancing refers to passengers being seated far enough away from each other. The metric for this type of social distancing is how many passengers are seated so close to each other as to increase the risk of infection. The other type of social distancing refers to the distance between seat assignments and the aisle. That distance influences the health risk involved in passengers and crew members walking down the aisle. Corresponding metrics for both health risks are included in the objective function. To conduct simulation experiments, we define different scenarios distinguishing between the relative level of significance of each type of social distancing. The results suggest the seating assignments that best serve the intention of the scenarios. We also reformulate the initial model to determine seat assignments that maximize the number of passengers boarding an airplane while practicing social distancing among passengers. In the last part of this study, we compare the proposed scenarios with the recommended middle-seat blocking policy presently used by some airlines to keep social distancing among passengers. The results show that the proposed scenarios can provide social distancing among seated passengers similar to the middle-seat blocking policy, while reducing the number of passengers seated close to the aisle of an airplane.

ACS Style

Mostafa Salari; R. John Milne; Camelia Delcea; Lina Kattan; Liviu-Adrian Cotfas. Social distancing in airplane seat assignments. Journal of Air Transport Management 2020, 89, 101915 -101915.

AMA Style

Mostafa Salari, R. John Milne, Camelia Delcea, Lina Kattan, Liviu-Adrian Cotfas. Social distancing in airplane seat assignments. Journal of Air Transport Management. 2020; 89 ():101915-101915.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mostafa Salari; R. John Milne; Camelia Delcea; Lina Kattan; Liviu-Adrian Cotfas. 2020. "Social distancing in airplane seat assignments." Journal of Air Transport Management 89, no. : 101915-101915.

Journal article
Published: 11 August 2020 in IEEE Access
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Social distancing reduces the risk of people becoming infected with the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). When passengers are transported from an airport terminal to an airplane using apron buses, safe social distancing during pandemic times reduces the capacity of the apron buses and has led to the practice of airlines keeping the middle seats of the airplanes unoccupied. This paper adapts classical boarding methods so that they may be used with social distancing and apron buses. We conduct stochastic simulation experiments to assess nine adaptations of boarding methods according to four performance metrics. Three of the metrics are related to the risk of the virus spreading to passengers during boarding. The fourth metric is the time to complete boarding of the two-door airplane when apron bus transport passengers to the airplane. Our experiments assume that passengers advancing to their airplane seats are separated by an aisle social distance of 1 m or 2 m. Numerical results indicate that the three variations (adaptations) of the Reverse pyramid method are the best candidates for airlines to consider in this socially distanced context. The particular adaptation to use depends on an airline’s relative preference for having short boarding times versus a reduced risk of later boarding passengers passing (and thereby possibly infecting) previously seated window seat passengers. If an airline considers the latter risk to be unimportant, then the Reverse pyramid – Spread method would be the best choice because it provides the fastest time to board the airplane and is tied for the best values for the other two health risk measures.

ACS Style

R. John Milne; Camelia Delcea; Liviu-Adrian Cotfas; Corina Ioanas. Evaluation of Boarding Methods Adapted for Social Distancing When Using Apron Buses. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 151650 -151667.

AMA Style

R. John Milne, Camelia Delcea, Liviu-Adrian Cotfas, Corina Ioanas. Evaluation of Boarding Methods Adapted for Social Distancing When Using Apron Buses. IEEE Access. 2020; 8 (99):151650-151667.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. John Milne; Camelia Delcea; Liviu-Adrian Cotfas; Corina Ioanas. 2020. "Evaluation of Boarding Methods Adapted for Social Distancing When Using Apron Buses." IEEE Access 8, no. 99: 151650-151667.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2020 in Symmetry
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The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has imposed the need for a series of social distancing restrictions worldwide to mitigate the scourge of the COVID-19 pandemic. This applies to many domains, including airplane boarding and seat assignments. As airlines are considering their passengers’ safety during the pandemic, boarding methods should be evaluated both in terms of social distancing norms and the resulting efficiency for the airlines. The present paper analyzes the impact of a series of restrictions that have been imposed or mooted worldwide on the boarding methods used by the airlines, featuring the use of jet-bridges and one-door boarding. To compare the efficacy of classical airplane boarding methods with respect to new social distancing norms, five metrics were used to evaluate their performance. One metric is the time to complete the boarding of the airplane. The other four metrics concern passenger health and reflect the potential exposure to the virus from other passengers through the air and surfaces (e.g., headrests and luggage) touched by passengers. We use the simulation platform in NetLogo to test six common boarding methods under various conditions. The back-to-front by row boarding method results in the longest time to complete boarding but has the advantage of providing the lowest health risk for two metrics. Those two metrics are based on passengers potentially infecting those passengers previously seated in the rows they traverse. Interestingly, those two risks are reduced for most boarding methods when the social distance between adjacent passengers advancing down the aisle is increased, thus indicating an unanticipated benefit stemming from this form of social distancing. The modified reverse pyramid by half zone method provides the shortest time to the completing boarding of the airplane and—along with the WilMA boarding method—provides the lowest health risk stemming from potential infection resulting from seat interferences. Airlines have the difficult task of making tradeoffs between economic productivity and the resulting impact on various health risks.

ACS Style

Liviu-Adrian Cotfas; Camelia Delcea; R. John Milne; Mostafa Salari. Evaluating Classical Airplane Boarding Methods Considering COVID-19 Flying Restrictions. Symmetry 2020, 12, 1087 .

AMA Style

Liviu-Adrian Cotfas, Camelia Delcea, R. John Milne, Mostafa Salari. Evaluating Classical Airplane Boarding Methods Considering COVID-19 Flying Restrictions. Symmetry. 2020; 12 (7):1087.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liviu-Adrian Cotfas; Camelia Delcea; R. John Milne; Mostafa Salari. 2020. "Evaluating Classical Airplane Boarding Methods Considering COVID-19 Flying Restrictions." Symmetry 12, no. 7: 1087.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics
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This special issue of the INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics (formerly Interfaces) is devoted to the finalists of the 48th annual competition for the Franz Edelman Award for Achievement in Advanced Analytics, Operations Research, and Management Science, the profession’s most prestigious award for deployed work. As in previous years, the finalists this year cover a wide range of industries and functions.

ACS Style

Pooja Dewan; R. John Milne. Introduction: 2019 Franz Edelman Award for Achievement in Advanced Analytics, Operations Research, and Management Science. INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics 2020, 50, 3 -6.

AMA Style

Pooja Dewan, R. John Milne. Introduction: 2019 Franz Edelman Award for Achievement in Advanced Analytics, Operations Research, and Management Science. INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics. 2020; 50 (1):3-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pooja Dewan; R. John Milne. 2020. "Introduction: 2019 Franz Edelman Award for Achievement in Advanced Analytics, Operations Research, and Management Science." INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics 50, no. 1: 3-6.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2019 in Symmetry
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This paper investigates the time to complete the boarding of a partially occupied two-door airplane when its passengers are transported from the airport terminal to the airplane using two apron buses. We propose a greedy method that assigns each passenger to a particular apron bus based on the passengers’ airplane seat assignments. This greedy approach exploits the airplane’s symmetry by providing essentially the same method for those boarding through the front door of the airplane as those boarding through the rear door of the airplane. The symmetrical properties of window, middle, and aisle seats of each row/side are considered in the proposed method as well. Computer simulation results indicate that, when using the greedy method, the boarding time can be reduced by up to 8.33% compared to the boarding time resulting from the best known practices in the literature, and with up to a 43.72% improvement in boarding time when compared to the boarding method commonly used in many airports. Furthermore, experimental results confirm our hypothesis that when the capacity of the apron buses exceeds the number of passengers to be transported to the airplane, the most time-efficient results of the proposed greedy method occur when an equal number of passengers are assigned to each of the two apron buses.

ACS Style

R. John Milne; Liviu-Adrian Cotfas; Camelia Delcea; Mostafa Salari; Liliana Craciun; Anca Gabriela Molanescu. Greedy Method for Boarding a Partially Occupied Airplane Using Apron Buses. Symmetry 2019, 11, 1221 .

AMA Style

R. John Milne, Liviu-Adrian Cotfas, Camelia Delcea, Mostafa Salari, Liliana Craciun, Anca Gabriela Molanescu. Greedy Method for Boarding a Partially Occupied Airplane Using Apron Buses. Symmetry. 2019; 11 (10):1221.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. John Milne; Liviu-Adrian Cotfas; Camelia Delcea; Mostafa Salari; Liliana Craciun; Anca Gabriela Molanescu. 2019. "Greedy Method for Boarding a Partially Occupied Airplane Using Apron Buses." Symmetry 11, no. 10: 1221.

Journal article
Published: 13 August 2019 in Symmetry
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The use of apron buses has become a common practice at many European airports. Previous studies related to airplane boarding rarely apply when apron buses are used, leaving airlines with no well-researched option except to use the random boarding method. In this paper, we test the time to complete boarding a two-door airplane using various boarding methods with two apron buses. These methods were inspired by the classical outside-in, back-to-front, and reverse-pyramid methods considering the limited number of boarding groups corresponding to the limited number of apron buses used for transporting passengers from the terminal to the aircraft. Unlike earlier publications, we test these methods under partial aircraft occupancy. Furthermore, we test the boarding methods under conditions involving: different passenger occupancy rates, different luggage situations, and with two types of seating assignments—random and based upon passenger seating preferences—by considering the advantages brought by the symmetric layout of the aircraft. Experimental results indicate that the best performing method can reduce the boarding time by up to 38.6% compared to the time resulting from the random boarding method. When the airplane is partially occupied, the best performing methods are reverse pyramid–A, hybrid–A, and hybrid–B, all with similar performances.

ACS Style

Liviu-Adrian Cotfas; Camelia Delcea; R. John Milne; Mostafa Salari; Liliana Crăciun; Anca Gabriela Molănescu. Testing New Methods for Boarding a Partially Occupied Airplane Using Apron Buses. Symmetry 2019, 11, 1044 .

AMA Style

Liviu-Adrian Cotfas, Camelia Delcea, R. John Milne, Mostafa Salari, Liliana Crăciun, Anca Gabriela Molănescu. Testing New Methods for Boarding a Partially Occupied Airplane Using Apron Buses. Symmetry. 2019; 11 (8):1044.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liviu-Adrian Cotfas; Camelia Delcea; R. John Milne; Mostafa Salari; Liliana Crăciun; Anca Gabriela Molănescu. 2019. "Testing New Methods for Boarding a Partially Occupied Airplane Using Apron Buses." Symmetry 11, no. 8: 1044.

Journal article
Published: 05 December 2018 in Sustainability
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Research related to creating new and improved airplane boarding methods has seen continuous advancement, in recent years, while most of the airline companies have remained committed to the traditional boarding methods. Among the most-used boarding methods, around the world, are back-to-front and random boarding with and without assigned seats. While the other boarding methods used in practice possess strict rules for passengers’ behavior, random without assigned seats is dependent on the passengers own way of choosing the “best” seats. The aim of this paper is to meticulously model the passengers’ behavior, especially, in random boarding without assigned seats and to test its efficiency in terms of boarding time and interferences, in comparison with the other commonly-adopted methods (random boarding with assigned seats, window-middle-aisle (WilMA), back-to-front, reverse pyramid, etc.). One of the main challenges in our endeavor was the identification of the real human passengers’ way of reasoning, when selecting their seats, and creating a model in which the agents possess preferences and make decisions, as close to those decisions made by the human passengers, as possible. We model their choices based on completed questionnaires from three hundred and eighty-seven human subjects. This paper describes the resulting agent-based model and results from the simulations.

ACS Style

Camelia Delcea; Liviu-Adrian Cotfas; Mostafa Salari; R. John Milne. Investigating the Random Seat Boarding Method without Seat Assignments with Common Boarding Practices Using an Agent-Based Modeling. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4623 .

AMA Style

Camelia Delcea, Liviu-Adrian Cotfas, Mostafa Salari, R. John Milne. Investigating the Random Seat Boarding Method without Seat Assignments with Common Boarding Practices Using an Agent-Based Modeling. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (12):4623.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Camelia Delcea; Liviu-Adrian Cotfas; Mostafa Salari; R. John Milne. 2018. "Investigating the Random Seat Boarding Method without Seat Assignments with Common Boarding Practices Using an Agent-Based Modeling." Sustainability 10, no. 12: 4623.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2018 in Aerospace
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We present a method that reduces the time it takes to complete the passenger boarding of an airplane. In particular, we describe a two-stage mixed integer programming (MIP) approach, which assigns passengers to seats on an airplane based on the number of bags they carry aboard the plane. The first stage is an MIP that assigns passengers to seats to minimize the time to complete the boarding of the plane. The second-stage MIP also determines seating assignments, while constraining the total boarding time to that determined by the stage-one MIP and maximizing weighted slack times to provide a more robust assignment. Numerical results show that this two-stage approach results in lower average boarding times than the one-stage approach, when the time it takes passengers to walk and sit in their seats is random. Experiments indicate that the magnitude of the improvement is not very sensitive to variations in the slack time weights.

ACS Style

R. John Milne; Mostafa Salari; Lina Kattan. Robust Optimization of Airplane Passenger Seating Assignments. Aerospace 2018, 5, 80 .

AMA Style

R. John Milne, Mostafa Salari, Lina Kattan. Robust Optimization of Airplane Passenger Seating Assignments. Aerospace. 2018; 5 (3):80.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. John Milne; Mostafa Salari; Lina Kattan. 2018. "Robust Optimization of Airplane Passenger Seating Assignments." Aerospace 5, no. 3: 80.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2016 in Journal of Air Transport Management
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ACS Style

R. John Milne; Mostafa Salari. Optimization of assigning passengers to seats on airplanes based on their carry-on luggage. Journal of Air Transport Management 2016, 54, 104 -110.

AMA Style

R. John Milne, Mostafa Salari. Optimization of assigning passengers to seats on airplanes based on their carry-on luggage. Journal of Air Transport Management. 2016; 54 ():104-110.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. John Milne; Mostafa Salari. 2016. "Optimization of assigning passengers to seats on airplanes based on their carry-on luggage." Journal of Air Transport Management 54, no. : 104-110.